Urban Poverty And The Urban Underclass Essay - 939 Words

According to Curley (2005), urban poverty has been a huge issue for hundreds of years. The people living in inner-city neighborhoods were the primary target for poverty. It had a tremendous effect on the black population; it increased by 164 percent in ten years alone. Finding a job became hardly impossible. Therefore, neighborhoods began to segregate, leaving the disadvantaged poor behind. The neighborhoods relied on welfare to make ends meets. This resulted in an increase in crime rates (p.97). This paper was a view of how early ecologist viewed urban poverty. William Wilson’s thesis, The Truly Disadvantage, explained how social conditions led to the urban underclass. He enlightened the readers on how social isolation and concentration effects affected the inner-city neighborhoods. He reasoned that there were more jobs available in the suburbs than in inner-city neighborhoods. The jobs that were available required formal education and credentials, something the inn er-city residents lacked. The lack of education made it harder for them to get jobs. Therefore, the joblessness forced inner-city neighborhoods to start merging with lower, working, and middle-class black families. By the 1980’s the middle-class and the working-class had moved out the inner- city neighborhoods. Those who were left behind, Wilson referred to them as the urban underclass. The isolation between the groups left the underclass vulnerable (p. 98). On the other hand, Massey and Denton,Show MoreRelatedUrban Poverty: The Underclass Essay2609 Words   |  11 Pages In tackling the problem of urban poverty, William Julius Wilson calls for a revitalization of the liberal perspective in the ghetto underclass debate. He claims that liberals dominated the discussions with compelling and intelligent arguments until the advent of the controversial Moynihan report in 1965, which claimed that â€Å"at the heart of the deterioration of the Negro society is the deterioration of the Negro family† (Moynihan), After that, liberals avoided any research that mightRead MoreThe Underclass Of The United States1449 Words   |  6 PagesAn underclass does not exist in the United States. It is a function of conservative’s imaginations. The relevance of their creating of an underclass serves one large purpose and that is to be an emotional ploy to keep people politically occupied with small issues. This allows corporations to ensure that their competition will be busy fighting other battles while they continue to push policy and laws that will represent the interests of the country’s wealthiest and most powerful. A distraction isRead MoreThe English Underclass in Dr. Theodore Dalrymles â€Å"Life at the Bottom1138 Words   |  5 Pagesto express his views of the English underclass. He believes their impaired ways of life, are the cause of poverty in England, â€Å"not the economy†. Those who pledged to serve and protect, on many levels, are neglecting their respo nsibilities, either in fear of being judged themselves or by simply turning a blind eye to continuous problems within England. No one wants to accept the reality of England’s horrendous situation. Therefore their endless battle with poverty, suffering and misery will continueRead MoreInequities in Access to Quality Programs: A Detrimental Factor in Continued Strife Within the Urban Underclass 2004 Words   |  9 Pageswithin the urban setting suffer from poverty levels much greater than those in rural communities. Mona Scott (2012), explains that minority groups suffer from the effects of the inequity of poverty. African American communities experience an unemployment rate of 15 percent, whereas white communities have an unemployment rate of 10 percent (p. 177). Great strides must be taken in order to reverse the negative effects of poverty overall, and the magnified negative impact poverty has in the urban communityRead More The Two Major Causes of the Urban Underclass E ssay1870 Words   |  8 PagesCauses of the Urban Underclass nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Today in the United States, as well as in many other affluent, industrialized nations, there exists an urban underclass, which is defined as a class of people that comprises members of low-income households who have little or no participation in the workforce (Gilbert 2003, p. 274). Currently there are predominantly two distinct, conflicting views of why the underclass exists. On one hand, there is the notion that the underclass is simplyRead MoreFactors Contributing For Criminal Activity Among African Americans1587 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans. Throughout his study, he observed that if men are moved from different environments, they began to lose harmony with the environment that results in crime (Shaun L. Gabbidon,2015). Dubois used variables such as age, unemployment, and poverty to explain crime (1899). Furthermore, Dubois study became a template to be used in studies that come to follow. During the 1900’s, cities such as Chicago began to exp erience some of the same challenges that were previously studied in PhiladelphiaRead MoreFamily Structure in the Nineteenth Century Essay7830 Words   |  32 PagesAbstract Family structure in the United States has undergone a dramatic change since the 1960s. The percentage of female-headed households increased while the percentage of married couple households declined. This paper uses data from the Urban Underclass Database to explain the roles the transforming economy (from manufacturing to service) and the subsequent employment dislocation play in the family structure change. Results for the largest 100 cities in the United States find support for a relationshipRead MoreRacial Segregation Within The United States780 Words   |  4 Pagesthe distinctive patterns of poverty among African Americans revolves around the question, â€Å"is it class or race that causes (and perpetuates) such misfortune of African Americans?† Scholars have looked at patterns of residential segregation in their attempts to answer such a question. Massey and Denton explore racial residential segregation in the United States throughout the 20th century. They argue that the making and concentration of the (African American) underclass in inner cities resulted fromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Trainspotting 1513 Words   |  7 PagesFilms). When the book was published Welsh was condemned for glamorizing heroin abuse, to which he responded that he was only depicting what was going on, what he knew, and who he knew. The book and the movie mirror the reality of the creation of an underclass in Edinburgh in the late 1970’s and 1980’s. Historically opiates have been a part of Edinburgh since the late 1600’s. After heroin was synthesized and began being used as a painkiller in 1894 Edinburgh became the capital of opiate production asRead MoreEducation Funding For Inner City Schools945 Words   |  4 PagesWhile all these possibilities from providing increased educational funding to inner city schools seem to provide a solution to the educational difficulties, the underclass is a multifaceted problem with several contributing factors. For example, the issue of students dropping out of school is not only affected by simply the quality of their education and resources. The appealing allure of drug dealing and belonging to a gang, both behaviors that involve criminal actions that could lead to incarceration

The American Dream The Reality Of America - 860 Words

America throughout time has been known as a country for opportunity and freedom, where anyone can come and have a fair chance at living their â€Å"American Dream.† The stereotypical American dream is having a two parent family, with stable income, owning a home with a white picket fence with two children. But the reality of America is that this â€Å"dream† is achieved more easily by white men. Even though America is supposedly â€Å"The land of the free† and provides â€Å"Liberty and Justice for all†, these statements are more of a source of irony than truth. In America a person’s social status, race, and gender play a large role in their ability to achieve the American dream. The color of one’s skin, how much money and social influence a person has, and what physical anatomy they contain affect how hard it is to attain their American dream. So the reality of America is that it is not as an equal opportunity land for everyone to achieve t heir dreams as it is thought to be. Discrimination against a person based on race is a long standing problem in America. From the land stolen from the Native Americans to the kidnapping of the Africans. So it is a no brainer that this discrimination still exists and can make it harder for individuals to achieve their American dream. The U.S census Bureau found that it was three times as high for black children to live under the poverty rate compared to white children, and eight times as likely to be imprisoned. It was also found that only 75 percent ofShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream : The Aspects Of The American Dream797 Words   |  4 PagesA hope, a wish, a dream, but certainly not reality. The proverbial American Dream consisted first of colonists emigrating to America and find a better life for themselves. The colonists could start from absolutely nothing and shoot to the top of the society. However, for most this dream is known more as a fallacy. The American Dream is Santa Claus. Some people are the beneficiary and believe in it and are filled with a sense of false hope, while others believe they have achieved it themselves andRead MoreGish Jen’s novel Typical American Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesGish Jen’s novel Typical American A mother drives her three kids to soccer practice in a Ford minivan while her husband stays at the office, rushing to finish a report. Meanwhile, a young woman prays her son makes his way home from the local grocery without getting held up at knife point by the local gang. Nearby, an immigrant finishes another 14-hour shift at the auto parts factory, trying to provide for his wife and child, struggling to make way in a new land. Later, a city girl hails a cabRead MoreThe American Dream Is Sublime Motivation1426 Words   |  6 Pagessaid one of America’s founding father’s, Abraham Lincoln. America, the land of the free, the home of the brave. A country where it doesn’t matter what color of skin a person has, how tall or short they are, or what family they came from; but what does matter is values, and the amount of courage people have. The opportunities in America are endless, and for that reason, people in other countries would do anything to live the American Dream .People will journey far and wide, traverse the entire continentRead MoreLet America Be America Again Poem Analysis792 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream or Nightmare? In â€Å"Let America Be America Again,† Langston Hughes addresses the reality of inequality and discriminative behaviors of the American people in the pre-Civil War era. Many Americans during this time felt the American Dream was just an illusion because they can never get the opportunity to make it their reality. In this poem, Hughes voices these silent Americans’ concern of how the founding principles of America are not being fulfilled unless a person is wealthy orRead MoreTortilla Curtain: the Myth of the American Dream1253 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica is often portrayed through images of well off middle-class families, shown alongside multiple cars and a large house that is filled with shining appliances and cupboards full of food. For hopeful immigrants to the United States, these images conjure the widespread myth of the American Dream. Immigrants believe that upon entry into the States, they will obtain prosperity through hard work and determination. The exp ression was first used in the beginning of the twentieth century when AmericaRead MoreHistory of America Mirrored in American Literature751 Words   |  3 PagesThe history of America is mirrored in American Literature. The American dream, the idea of equality and being able to achieve anything you wanted, meant that millions of immigrants moved to America. America claims to be a country which enables everyone to have equality and freedom however in the texts we can see it is rather a Capitalist and individualist country. The paradox of America can be seen through the fact that the Statue called freedom was built by slaves. The inequality can also be seenRead MoreThe American Flag: Symbol of the Vanishing American Dream1069 Words   |  5 Pagesit symbolized freedom and opportunity for both citizens of American and the immigrants. There was the dream that America was a place of freedom, where you could do what you want, say what you want, and get a job or own your own land. For so me, that dream became a reality, but for many of those immigrants, it has proven to be just that, a dream. Is this piece of cloth we hold in such high regard simply an ironic symbol or the American dream? Does it truly symbolize freedom and opportunity, or is itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And The American Dream1514 Words   |  7 Pagesearlier, the United States of America was a beacon of hope - a symbol of prosperity and freedom - that everybody originating from countries that did not offer the same opportunities craved to experience. Innumerous historical events, like the great migration movements to Angel and Ellis Island, proved America’s status as the homeland for success. Yet, as literature pieces from the time demonstrate, like The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the great â€Å"American Dream† ideology had been watered downRead MoreThe American Dream is Dead in Articles by Cal Thomas and Bob Herbert830 Words   |  3 PagesHowever the American Dream is per ceived there is no question that the dream is on the verge of becoming extinct. Bob Herbert addresses this in his article Hiding from Reality. He argues that the American Dream is dead. Similarly, Cal Thomas also argues that the American Dream is dead in his article Is the American Dream Over?.† Although both authors agree that the American Dream is extinct, they have differing opinions as to why. While they both believe that the government plays a large partRead MoreWomen And The American Dream1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream is the belief that every person in the United States has an equal opportunity to become successful. However, some people are not entitled to the American Dream. Many Americans are not treated equally under the law. Some of the groups lose their right to vote, have a more difficult time finding jobs, or are a group that has been forgotten by politicians. The American Dream is a controversial issue today because many groups in America have cl aimed that they have not received the

Natural Threats To Coral Reef Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Coral Reef, coastal and pelagic ecosystem renowned for its beautiful life signifiers and for supplying one of the most biologically diverse home grounds on Earth. A reef is a ridge or outcrop of stone in the sea that comes near to the surface. A coral reef is a reef that has been built mostly or wholly by corals, bantam animate beings that live together in settlements. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Threats To Coral Reef Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over 100s or 1000s of old ages the limestone skeletons of coral physique up, with new corals turning on the skeletons of the dead 1s. This physical construction, with its populating surface of corals and other beings, is a coral reef. The corals that build reefs are found merely in warm tropical Waterss where sea temperatures seldom fall below 18 A ; deg ; C ( 64 A ; deg ; F ) . They thrive merely in clear seawater where bright sunshine can perforate. This is because corals can non be without the symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae that live in coral tissues and necessitate sunshine for photosynthesis. Many reefs are found around islands, or rather far from land at the border of Continental shelves. Some of the most extended countries of coral reefs are found in the Pacific Ocean, around the islands of Southeast Asia and off the seashore of Australia. Large countries of coral reef are besides found in the Indian Ocean and around the Red Sea and Arabian Sea. Many coral reefs besides exist in the Caribbean Sea. Because their skeletons are made of limestone, corals leave clear and abundant dodos. Some of the earliest signifiers of life-mound- or pillar-shaped fossilised stones known as stromatolites-resemble corals. The oldest stromatolites day of the month back 3.5 billion old ages. They were laid down by some of the simplest beings on Earth-blue-green algae ( besides known as blue-green algae ) . About 560 million old ages ago, limestone reefs built by bacteriums, algae, and sponges foremost appeared. The first complex corals, known as tabulate corals, are recorded at approximately 500 million old ages ago. The corals we know today foremost appeared about 220 million old ages ago, before the age of the dinosaurs. The first true coral reefs began to look about 205 million to 210 million old ages ago. Since this clip there have been several periods of major reef-building, but besides periods when corals declined and did non construct reefs. In all, shallow coral reefs occupy merely about 284,000 sq kilometer ( 110,000 sq myocardial infarction ) , or less than tenth part of 1 per centum ( 0.1 per centum ) of the universe ‘s oceans. Yet in this bantam country, coral reefs house a one-fourth of all marine fish species. Reefs are extremely productive resources for human existences. Hundreds of 1000000s of people live within easy range of coral reefs and trust on them to supply nutrient. Coral reefs besides help protect human colonies from big moving ridges during storms. Types of coral reef: Scientists have identified many types of coral reefs. They are known as spot reefs, fringing reefs, barrier reefs, bank reefs, and atolls. Patch reefs occur along a Continental shelf where mound-shaped knolls on the sea floor are near plenty to the surface to let corals to settle and turn. Fringing reefs occur along a bouldery coastline where corals or coral remains extend outward from the shore and organize an outmost line or ridge that runs parallel to the shore. After many centuries, the reef may turn up to the sea surface. As Marine animals, the corals can non turn above the surface. An unusual type of reef is the coral atoll. This is a big, shallow bank, with a depression in the center, typically annular. The British naturalist Charles Darwin right theorized how coral atolls are formed. Coral atolls get down as fringing reefs about active Oceanic vents. When the volcanic eruptions cease, an island remains. Over long geological periods the island begins to drop. The fringing reef continues to turn as the island sinks. Soon what was a fringing reef around the shore becomes a barrier reef separated from the shriveling island by a deeper laguna. After 1000s of old ages, the volcanic island sinks wholly below sea degree, but the corals continue to turn, organizing a round coral reef, an atoll. Conditionss for coral growing: Corals in general are found in all seas and oceans, even in deep oceans and cold Waterss. Reef-building corals, by contrast, require quite specific conditions in order to boom. None are found in countries where the H2O temperature drops much below 18 A ; deg ; C ( 64 A ; deg ; F ) for more than a few yearss. Likewise, although some species in the Arabian Sea on a regular basis encounter temperatures of 36 A ; deg ; C ( 96.8 A ; deg ; F ) , more usually corals are adapted to boom in a much smaller temperature scope. Apart from temperature, corals besides require clear Waterss. This is partially because they need sunlight to back up the algae that live within their tissues. They are besides really sensitive to atoms of clay or deposit subsiding on them, which means that corals seldom grow close to rivers or other beginnings of deposit. Menaces to Coral Reef: Natural Threats to Coral Reef: Reefs have ever been capable to natural menaces. Storms and hurricanes on a regular basis sweep across some tropical countries, conveying monolithic moving ridges capable of nailing corals even at deepnesss of 10 m ( 33 foot ) or more. Heavy rainfall can besides harm corals by conveying fresh H2O and deposits onto the reefs. Certain animals eat coral. This is normally a natural procedure on a coral reef, but one animal, the crown-of-thorns sea star, sometimes reaches plague proportions and can destruct all living coral on a reef in a few hebdomads. These pestilences may be natural, and reefs can surely retrieve. However, many scientists believe that overfishing of the natural marauders of these starfish may be declining the job. Starfish populations may besides be turning because they benefit from increased fresh H2O and deposits. Human Threats to Coral Reefs: The great majority of human menaces to coral reefs falls into four classs: pollution, deposit, overfishing, and planetary heating. Corals are susceptible to assorted signifiers of pollution, but likely the most common is merely the flow of foods from untreated sewerage and from agricultural land, particularly where there is heavy usage of pesticides or fertiliser. These foods cause big additions in algae, both in the plankton and in algae turning on the seafloor, which so smother the corals or barricade out the visible radiation. The sum of deposits making the sea has increased quickly over the past hundred old ages or more. This can be linked to the loss of woods and the development of new agricultural techniques that lay the land unfastened to rain and eroding. The deposits are swept into the oceans through rivers and watercourses and, like the algae, can surround and kill the coral. Fishing has been traveling on around coral reefs for 1000s of old ages. Problems arise when excessively many people try to catch fish from the reefs, or when, frequently out of despair, they turn to destructive steps to capture fish. The rapid growing of human populations, combined with the development of progressively efficient angling methods, means that reefs in many countries are overfished. The reefs have fewer and smaller fish than in the yesteryear, a catastrophe both for the reef ecosystem and for the fishers. In a few topographic points, notably in Southeast Asia, some fishers use explosives to capture fish. These explosives kill all fish within a certain country, every bit good as destructing the corals nearby. It takes many old ages for these damaged countries to retrieve. Coral Reef Protection: Despite these menaces, coral reefs can be protected. The consequences of this protection are good for people every bit good as for the reefs. In topographic points where there is chronic overfishing, better, more sustainable direction patterns can increase the entire fish Numberss, leting for more fish to reproduce and raising the gimmicks of the fishers. Sewage intervention and better direction of land countries can assist cut down pollution and deposit, leting reefs to retrieve from degraded provinces. The most of import tools for coral reef preservation are instruction and the constitution of protected countries. Closing off even comparatively little countries of coral reefs to fishing can hold dramatic consequences. Large Numberss of fish build up in these countries and spill over to the environing reefs, where fishers may catch them. These same countries become valuable finishs for tourers as they offer chances to see the reefs. They are besides likely to be of import countries to back up the recovery of reefs when there is devastation of reef countries through natural impacts or coral bleaching. As of 2005 more than 660 coral reefs were being protected, including two of the universe ‘s largest protected areas-the Great Barrier Reef off Australia and the coral reefs of the northwest Hawaiian Islands. The 660 protected reefs represent about 19 per centum of the universe ‘s coral reefs. Some reefs appear to be more resilient to coral decoloring than others. The protection of these reefs from other harmful human impacts will be critical, non merely for their ain endurance, but besides because these same reefs may supply new corals to repopulate damaged reefs. But in the long tally, denominating coral reefs as protected zones will non save any reefs from the planetary effects of clime alteration. Merely drastic decreases in nursery gas emanations, peculiarly C dioxide emanations, can protect coral reefs from the dangers of planetary heating. How to cite Natural Threats To Coral Reef Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Business Economics Performing and Reforming Leaders

Question: Discuss about the Business Economics for Performing and Reforming Leaders. Answer: Introduction For this research essay, I would like to select Australian education industry as an individual industry to do study of individual behavior in an effective manner. The main reason behind it is that, Australian education industry is fast growing industry as compare to other industries. Along with this, there can be seen regular and modern development in the education industry of the nation. In the previous years, several innovative developments and trends occurred in the Australian education industry. This developments and trends have changed the repute of the industry. Along with this, modern dynamic educational policies and strategies are the major causes of the development within the industry. These dynamic trends and developments have enhanced the image of Australian education industry at the global level (Australian education system. 2016). This research essay would also be helpful to describe the current trends of Australian education industry. In addition to this, in this essay , different types of development of the education industry would also be discussed to accomplish the outcomes of the research in an appropriate manner. Moreover, this research essay would also be helpful to develop a clear understanding about the Australian education industry in the minds of students and researchers. Reforms in Australian Education Industry In the present day, Australian education industry is considered as the most dynamic and innovative industry in the world. It is because of the education system of Australia includes both local and global students in an equal manner. Apart from this, nowadays, there can be seen major changes in the education system of the nations. For case, currently, it is the most cost effective and encouraging industry in the world. The government of the nation has developed modern educational methods to motivate the global students (Graham, 2013). Moreover, with the help of Australian education industry, students of all the nations may fulfill their educational dreams in a proper manner. Along with this, the Australian government has classified the education system in the three major parts: tertiary, primary and secondary only to improve the education system of the nation. On the other hand, the dynamic educational policies and strategies of nation motivate third parties to make their contributions in the development of the industry. The government provides financial support and effectual infrastructure to improve the education level of the institutions, universities and schools of the nation (Eggins, 2014). Moreover, the Australian government has adopted an enforced education system to decrease the educational issues within the industry. The federal government plays a major role to provide necessary amenities and adequate subsidy facilities to the education industry of the nation. The government monitors the performance of the education system on the regular basis. Along with this, in the previous years, there can be seen quick developments in the educational sector of the nation. These developments reveal scrupulous changes within the educational framework. For case, there is a wide variety of compelling procedures within the Australian education sys tem. This procedure is essential in order to make the system more imaginative and victorious at the global level (Bonnor and Caro, 2007). In addition to this, the other major reform in the education industry is that it is able to improve the aptitudes, knowledge and capacities of students as well as learners for their bright future. Moreover, the government of Australia plays an important part by offering different unique educational techniques and approaches to the industry (Group of Eight Australia. 2014). The Australian government is implementing different rules and regulations in the education industry; so the nation may focus on free and compulsory education for the overall development of the people. The major goal of the Australian government is the endorsement of education in each and every corner of the nation. Apart from this, the research shows that, the Australian government has increased its budget on education in recent years. The government established numerous types of NGOs and public associations to build up an innovative as well as energetic educational culture within the nation. These NGOs and public associations encourage education inside and outside of the nation (Blackmore and Sachs, 2012). On the other hand, Australian education system is practical oriented instead of theory oriented. It is also major reform that has been done in the industry (Schiller and Liefner, 2007). The education industry does not focus on the theoretical knowledge. It focuses on the overall physical and mental development of the students or learners. The government of nation offers numerous scholarships and also conducts training programs to encourage the students for the education. For example, the Australian government has developed Commonwealth Grants Scheme to give financial support to the scholars. The Australian government also established different types of financial institutions to offer educations loan facilities to the poor apprentices. For case, higher education loan programs have granted loans of numerous students; so they can complete their high education in a proper manner (Smith, 2010). Along with this, the other major reform is that the Australian government has initiated numerous policies and procedures for the fee deregulation, subsidy cuts, and system development at the global level (Australian Government. 2004). In this way, it can be assumed that, there have been done numerous reforms in the education industry of Australia. These reforms are helpful to lessen the problems of education system of the nation. These reforms are helpful to improve not only the education level, but also the employment and income level of the nation in an effectual and a significant manner. Conclusion On the premise of the above discussion, it can be assumed that, the Australian education industry has become prominent in all over the world. The modern policies and tactics of the Australian government make the education system more valuable and supportive for the scholars. Along with this, the funding facilities and subsidies provided by the government, NGOs and public organizations play a significant role in the overall development of students or learners. Moreover, the government has made a provision in which education is a compulsory for each and every person of the nation. This is the most important reform that has been done in the education industry of Australia. References Australian education system. (2016). Study in Australia. Available At: https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/global/australian-education/education-system [Accessed On: 8th Dec. 2016] Australian Government. (2004). National Report of Australia. Available At: https://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE47/English/Natreps/reports/australia.pdf [Accessed On: 8th Dec. 2016] Blackmore, J. and Sachs, J. (2012). Performing and Reforming Leaders: Gender, Educational Restructuring, and Organizational Change. USA: SUNY Press. Bonnor, C. and Caro, J. (2007). The Stupid Country: How Australia is Dismantling Public Education. USA: UNSW Press. Eggins, H. (2014). Globalization and reform in higher education. Australia: University of Michigan. Graham, J. (2013). Global Education Reform Movement. Professional Voice, 9(3), pp. 5-47. Group of Eight Australia. (2014). Micro-economic reform of the Australian higher education industry: Implications of the Abbott Governments Budget of 13 May 2014. Available At: https://go8.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/article/edutech_presentation__4_june_2014pdf_version.pdf [Accessed On: 8th Dec. 2016] Schiller, D. and Liefner, I. (2007). Higher education funding reform and universityindustry links in developing countries: The case of Thailand. Higher Education, 54(4), pp.543-556. Smith, E. (2010). A review of twenty years of competency?based training in the Australian vocational education and training system. International journal of training and development, 14(1), pp.54-64.

Positive Behavioral Supports

Introduction Education 50 years ago was not what it is like today. Schools today are confronted with a vast amount of issues. Within those issues are student achievement, school violence, lack of parental support, and behavioral concerns within the school community and in the classrooms.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Positive Behavioral Supports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bowen (n.d.) found that various studies have shown that students who act up in school express a variety of reasons for doing so. Some think that teachers don’t care about them and others don’t want to be in school at all while many don’t consider goal setting and success in school important anymore. Despite these hurdles, students agree that discipline is needed in schools. One high school student stated: â€Å"If there were no discipline, the school would not be distinguished from the street.† Bennett (1999) states that most surveys show that Americans complain that too many schools are disorderly, undisciplined places. How much are students really learning when the main focus in our schools today is student behavior and discipline? Many different programs have been presented to schools in efforts to help alleviate some of the discipline problems found in schools and in the classrooms. PBIS (2009) states that â€Å"a major focus for current policy and systems change efforts in education is the extent to which states are investing in practices and procedures that are supported by rigorous research evidence.† Positive Behavior Support (PBS) is a research-based theory that supports the idea that a student’s behavior can be changed if a full understanding of the child is gained. Through positive interventions students are able to reduce the negative behavior and increase the more desirable one. This literature review will examine the literature related to Positive Behavior Su pport, its foundations and the advantages and disadvantages of implementing PBS.Advertising Looking for thesis on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Origins of Positive Behavior Support Positive Behavior Support is relatively new to the scene of school reform because it was mainly known as behavior modification for special education students who displayed difficult behaviors. The origins of PBS can be traced back to the theory of Applied Behavior Analysis, an expansion of the operant conditioning theory first developed by B.F. Skinner, the American psychologist. A survey performed by Frey (2006) of four hundred teachers revealed that teachers felt that operant conditioning was effective at managing behavior of both groups and individual students. Positive Behavior Support: A Three Tier Continuum It is important to express that like academic forms of instruction, students also require different levels of behavioral inte rventions and different types of support in order to do well in school. Positive Behavior Support focuses on three key levels within a continuum, according to Nelson, Hurley, Synhorst, Epstein, Stage Buckley (2009) the first tier entails â€Å"universal interventions that are expected to prevent the onset of problem behavior in a majority of children altogether and to sustain improvements in child outcomes by the selected and indicated interventions.† This level is known as universal because it delineates school-wide behavioral expectations for all students along with consistent consequences for unwanted behaviors. Level two also known as tier two is mainly for students who still continue to demonstrate problem behavior after tier one was implemented. Tier two on the continuum focuses more on small group interventions. A study done by McIntosh, Campbell, Carter, Dickey, (2009) examined the effectiveness and differential effects of a tier two daily behavior intervention. Thi s study was conducted over an eight week period and the samples were 36 students. The findings confirmed that the amount of office referrals lessened after small group and targeted interventions were established.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Positive Behavioral Supports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The final tier consists of a more personalized or individualized intervention. Lewis, Colvin, Sugai (2000) state that â€Å"approximately 5% to 7% of the students will require highly individualized behavior support.† Challenges Faced While Implementing Positive Behavior Supports Weinberger (2009) conducted a study using a mixed methodology that identified the strengths and limitations of the implementation of Positive Behavior Supports. Via surveys, case studies focus groups, and behavioral data of students. The study revealed that although student behavior did not improve, the implementation of PBS wa s successful because it was able to identify specific information needed to provide individual interventions to students. A study carried out by Guthals (2009) expressed that there is no evidence of direct correlation between student achievement and the implementation of PBS. Data pertaining to the study was collected through optional surveys completed by school principals concerned about the immense number of office referrals and discipline problems in the classrooms taking a toll on student learning. While direct correlation between what was intended to be tested, the relationship between student achievement and the implementation of PBS, the surveys conveyed that administrative stress level had decreased after the implementation of PBS. Today’s schools must address the behavioral needs of all students at a number of different levels (Mogan-D’Atrio, et al 1996). First, there must be schoolwide efforts that teach positive communication and social interaction skills, a nd develop positive school routines designed to prevent behavioral issues throughout the school day (Fishbaugh Furshong, 1998; Scott, 2001; Taylor-Greene et al., 1997). Second, in conjunction with schoolwide efforts, classroom norms and routines can be established by educators, in collaboration with their students, to create a sense of caring and community in the classroom.Advertising Looking for thesis on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Third, behavioral issues must be addressed at the individual student level for students who have more intense, ongoing behavioral challenges. Addressing issues of school safety at the individual student level takes place through the creation of positive behavior support plans (Sailor et al 2007). Advantages of Implementing Positive Behavior Supports In light of increasing frequency and intensity of disruptive behaviors in schools nationwide (Martin, Lloyd, Kauffman and Coyne, 1995), policymakers and school practitioners are increasingly considering the benefits of teaching and supporting pro-social behaviors to decrease disruptive behaviors and increase academic success. Urban schools, in particular, face challenges with limited resources and large numbers of students, many of who are living in poverty or violence-prone environments (Netzel and Eber, 2003). Traditional, and more reactionary, school discipline procedures (e.g., those that rely on punishment and exclusion) are general ly ineffective in either reducing challenging behaviors or increasing desired behavior (Mogan-D’Atrio, Northrup, LaFleur and Spera, 1996). One promising alternative, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), is a school-wide approach that promotes social competence through a system of behavioral support wherein expected behaviors are defined, taught, and rewarded. Schools implementing PBIS establish a continuum of proactive, positive discipline procedures for all students across all settings. Universal school-wide strategies are intended to facilitate success for 85-95 percent of the students (Mogan-D’Atrio, et al 1996). The National Conference of the Hamilton Fish Institute On School And Community Violence while targeted small group or individual interventions are designed for the types of students for whom universal strategies have not been successful (5-15 percent (Mogan-D’Atrio, et al 1996). Last, for the one to seven percent of students who hav e chronic and intensive needs across multiple settings, a wrap-around approach is implemented (Eber, Sugai, Smith, and Scott, 2002).Several studies have demonstrated positive effects of PBIS, with some recent research showing success in urban settings. For example, Netzel and Eber (2003) report a 22 percent reduction in suspensions after one year of universal level implementation (e.g., teaching school-wide rules and recognizing and acknowledging appropriate student behavior) in an urban elementary school. Further, Netzel and Eber report a number of encouraging outcomes during the 1st full year of school-wide PBS implementation, including a 20 percent decrease in office discipline referrals, 23 percent decrease in â€Å"time-outs,† and 57 percent decrease in short-term suspensions. Few studies, however, have demonstrated the impact of PBIS in urban settings across a number of different variables and over a number of years. Managing Disruptive Behaviors through Positive Behavi or Supports Misbehavior in K-12 schools hurts every participant. Te misbehaving student is often sequentially moved into more academically impoverished environments; other students are distracted, and teachers are forced to become disciplinarians (Sandomierski, et al 2007). Furthermore, a costly administrative infrastructure; including the very valuable and very limited time of the school principal; is monopolized to deal with discipline problems. A third grader acting up in class does not act up because s/he was born a â€Å"bad kid† (Sailor et al 2007). Most likely, s/he has not yet learned the social skills appropriate to that setting, or there is something in the classroom setting, or a learning disability, or a family issue that interferes with his or her ability to behave properly (Sandomierski, et al 2007). Unfortunately, school discipline systems focus more on punishing kids than on giving them the skills, training, and incentives to behave properly. Behavioral remedi ation, where it exists, typically takes the form of a fifteen-minute weekly visit to a school counselor. Just as if the student was trying to learn math by scheduling a fifteen-minute weekly chat with a math teacher, the system tends to fail the students (Sailor et al 2007). Research points to the benefits of systems that teach and support positive behavior, rather than simply punishing negative behavior. By adopting a positive behavior support (PBS) system, individual schools, districts, and states have dramatically reduced office referrals and suspensions, increased on-task academic time, and made students, teachers, and parents more satisfied with the school. Positive Behavior Support systems have been implemented by a large number of school districts and states, including North Carolina. Vermont is currently implementing PBS. Discipline referrals and suspensions often drop 40-60% over the first two years that the program is implemented (Sandomierski, et al 2007). Principals may save six full workdays worth often-minute visits over the course of a year. In schools with severe behavior problems, teacher satisfaction under PBS may increase by 60%, leading to a more experienced, stable staff. When a third grader misbehaves, it represents not a personal failure, but a failure of the systems around him to equip him for the setting he is in. We can stop this failure by shifting the focus to preventing misbehavior, rather than just punishing it. Providing serious behavioral support to students pays off by reducing distraction and improving academic outcomes, reducing costly referrals to special education, and letting teachers and principals do their job rather than spend all their time on discipline (Sailor et al 2007). Rather than being transferred into special education or punished to the point of dropping out, students with behavior problems are put on a path to social and academic success. Positive behavior support programs in a school may employ a three-tier model. The first tier is a low-intensity, school-wide misbehavior prevention program involving things like certificates of recognition for such pro-social behaviors as picking trash and putting it in the trash can. These programs are targeted to build the skills of the majority of students (80-85%) who have 0-1 office referrals. The second tier of students (10-15% with 2-5 office referrals) typically have significant behavior problems and require intervention, such as group sessions with school psychologists to learn appropriate behaviors, just as they would learn any other skill set in a classroom setting. Te goal of these sessions is to help them emulate their better-behaved classmates, rather than imitating those with more severe behavioral problems. Te third tier (typically 5% with 6+ office referrals) suffers from severe behavioral problems, requiring individualized interventions. Conclusion Results indicate that implementation of universal Positive Behavior Support (e.g., teac hing behavioral expectations, rewarding positive behaviors) in Year 1 and beginning targeted level intervention (targeting small groups of students with two to five behavior referrals for small group interventions) in Year 2 leads to positive changes in one of the two schools examined. Specifically, Addison School demonstrated overall decreases in ODRs, as well as decreases in the most frequent problem behavior and locations over the first 1.5 years of implementation (Sandomierski, et al 2007). These latter two are particularly noteworthy, as they exemplify the successful use of data to target problematic behaviors and contexts. Classroom referrals were specifically targeted in Year 2 through the addition of classroom management training for teachers. Problematic behaviors on the bus were specifically targeted that same year through the addition of bi-monthly bus driver training breakfasts. Teacher ratings on our surveys showed some positive changes across the two years as well, wit h teachers generally rating the existence of negative behaviors lower in Year 2, while pro-social behaviors were rated more highly, although it should be noted that only one of these differences reached statistical significance. Findings further suggest the need for full implementation of the PBS model. These schools are relatively strong in universal level implementation, but are still in the beginning stages of implementation of the targeted level, and have not yet begun intensive-level intervention. These latter two levels are important in decreasing referrals from the most chronic misbehavers, and intervention here would likely have a much greater impact on overall referrals as well as the schools’ â€Å"triangle† profiles and teacher perceptions of both student behavior and effectiveness of the intervention. This finding is consistent with teacher concerns as noted in focus groups and in survey results. Furthermore, given time needed for full implementation of the model, as well as systems-change research indicating that three to five years are necessary to implement full school change (Sandomierskiet al 2007), an evaluation of the effectiveness of such school-wide interventions should additionally allow for a minimum of three years of data. References Eber, L. Sugai, G. Smith, C. and Scott, T. M. (2002). Wraparound And Positive Behavioral Interventions And Supports In The Schools. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 136-173. Frey, S. (2006). Teachers and Operant Conditioning. Retrieved from ERIC database. Guthals, J. The Relationship Between Positive Behavior Supports, Student Achievement, Severe Problem Behavior, And Administrative Stress. Ed.D. dissertation, University of Montana, United States — Montana. Lewis, T., Colvin, G., Sugai, G. (2000). The Effects of Pre-Correction and Active Supervision on the Recess Behavior of Elementary Students. Education Treatment of Children, 23(2), 109. Retrieved from Academic Sea rch Premier database. McIntosh, K., Campbell, A., Carter, D., Dickey, C. (2009). Differential Effects of a Tier Two Behavior Intervention Based on Function of Problem Behavior. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 11(2), 82-93. OmniFile Full Text Mega database. Martin, K. F., Lloyd, J. W., Kauffman, J. M., and Coyne, M. (1995). Teachers’ Perceptions Of Educational Placement Decisions For Pupils With Emotional Or Behavioral Disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 20, 106-117. Mogan-D’Atrio, C., Northrup, J., LaFleur, L., and Spera, S. (1996). Toward Prescriptive Alternatives To Suspensions: A Preliminary Evaluation. Behavioral Disorders, 21, 190-200. Nelson, J., Hurley, K., Synhorst, L., Epstein, M., Stage, S., Buckley, J. (2009). The Child Outcomes of a Behavior Model. Exceptional Children, 76(1), 7-30. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Netzel, D. M. and Eber, L. (2003). Shifting From Reactive To Proactive Discipline In An Urban School District: A Chan ge Of Focus Through PBIS Implementation. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 5, 71-79. PBIS. March 2009. Is School-Wide Positive Behavior Support An Evidence-Based Practice? (2009). Web. Ps@?under, M. (2005). How Effective Is School Discipline in Preparing Students to Become Responsible Citizens? Slovenian Teachers’ and Students’ Views. Teaching and Teacher Education: An International Journal of Research and Studies, 21(3), 273-286. Retrieved from ERIC database. Sailor, W., Stowe, M. J., Turnbull, R., III, Kleinhammer-Tramill, P. J. (2007). A Case For Adding A Social-Behavioral Standard To Standards-Based Education With School-Wide Positive Behavior Support As Its Basis. Remedial and Special Education, 28, 366–376. Sandomierski, T., Kincaid, D., Algozzine, B. (2007). Response To Intervention And Positive Behavior Support: Brothers From Different Mothers Or Sisters With Different Misters? PBIS Newsletter 4(2). This thesis on Positive Behavioral Supports was written and submitted by user Tinley Forbes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Judicial Fairness

There are many aspects of the law that attempt to make a sure a jury or a judge is fair in handling legal matters. The Fifth and Fourteenth amendments provide that no person shall be deprived of â€Å"life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.† The procedural due process aspect of this amendment requires that government decisions to deprive a person of life, liberty or property must be done fairly. The procedural due process law gives an accused person the chance to object to his accusation before a fair and neutral decision-making body. The Sixth amendment also guarantees rights for the Muslim defendants to a jury trial and to a public trial. Through our legal history, we have created legal methods and traditions to apply these freedoms in a court of law. In our legal system, the two main sources of neutral decision makers are juries and judges. The law has a way of ensuring that these bodies are neutral and unbiased in their decision-making. While it will be impossible to gain complete neutrality, the law provides mechanisms within which fairness can be maximized. The process of voir dire attempts to minimize the bias a jury can have. Voir dire is the process of jury selection, which takes place before a trial can begin. In this process the attorneys for the defendant and plaintiff ask a group of potential jurors questions to determine whether that jury member has any bias towards his or her client. In the context of Muslim and Arab-Americans, the attorney for the defendant can probe the prospective jurors on his or her sentiments towards Muslims and determine whether his or her feeling would bring a bias into her decision making process. If the attorney for a Muslim or Arab-American defendant instinctively feels that a juror is biased, the attorney is afforded by the legal system the peremptorily challenge. With a peremptorily challenge, an attorney can ask that a potential juror not be sworn in without pr... Free Essays on Judicial Fairness Free Essays on Judicial Fairness There are many aspects of the law that attempt to make a sure a jury or a judge is fair in handling legal matters. The Fifth and Fourteenth amendments provide that no person shall be deprived of â€Å"life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.† The procedural due process aspect of this amendment requires that government decisions to deprive a person of life, liberty or property must be done fairly. The procedural due process law gives an accused person the chance to object to his accusation before a fair and neutral decision-making body. The Sixth amendment also guarantees rights for the Muslim defendants to a jury trial and to a public trial. Through our legal history, we have created legal methods and traditions to apply these freedoms in a court of law. In our legal system, the two main sources of neutral decision makers are juries and judges. The law has a way of ensuring that these bodies are neutral and unbiased in their decision-making. While it will be impossible to gain complete neutrality, the law provides mechanisms within which fairness can be maximized. The process of voir dire attempts to minimize the bias a jury can have. Voir dire is the process of jury selection, which takes place before a trial can begin. In this process the attorneys for the defendant and plaintiff ask a group of potential jurors questions to determine whether that jury member has any bias towards his or her client. In the context of Muslim and Arab-Americans, the attorney for the defendant can probe the prospective jurors on his or her sentiments towards Muslims and determine whether his or her feeling would bring a bias into her decision making process. If the attorney for a Muslim or Arab-American defendant instinctively feels that a juror is biased, the attorney is afforded by the legal system the peremptorily challenge. With a peremptorily challenge, an attorney can ask that a potential juror not be sworn in without pr...

Africas Slow Growth And Development Politics Essay

Africas Slow Growth And Development Politics Essay This paper examines the causes of slow growth and development of Africa with emphasis on some selected countries. The paper argued on the basis of Madison’s (1995:65) estimates of per capital Gross Domestic Profit (GDP) for a sample of countries that, during the first half of the century, Africa had grown considerably more rapidly than Asia. By 1950, the African sample had overtaken the Asian sample. In the 1960s, Africa’s future looked bright, especially that the continent was gradually disengaging from the bondage of colonial imperialism. But today, Africa is the poorest continent in the world. While there has been a steady growth in countries of Asia, such as Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan, African states have lagged behind. Why is African development growing slowly? What went wrong in Africa? How can these problems be solved? This paper attempts to provide answers to some of the fundamental issues that have bedeviled the continent in the 21st century. In order to assess the level of growth and development in the continent, the concepts of ‘growth and development’ is critically examined within the confines of Africa in the paper. The paper attributed the slow growth and development of Africa to ‘Internal influences and external dimensions’. At the same time, the paper provides some plausible suggestions that would serve as a panacea to the problems militating against the growth and development of Africa. Introduction From what direction should one view the slow growth and development of Africa: is it from the perspective of bad leadership couple with wide spread corruption? Or is it that of policy failure, or geographic and demographic factors? Africa as well as the rest of the world is battling with this provocative question: Why does Africa continue to lag behind the rest of the world in terms of social and economic development? Mathew Paris writing in Times August (2002), believes the answer to the co ntinent’s development problem lies in four simple words: †swagger, Indolence, self indulgence and hot air †he points out †failure of leadership, the individual means that what is created or started is not maintained. Further more, it has also been argued that after 1960, particularly when majority of the countries in the continent gained political freedom, the potential of governments were not responsive to the people’s needs, aspirations and wishes, Mathew Parris (2002). The dream were shattered due to bad leadership, corruption, wars, poverty and eventually, economic underdevelopment. Could this entire unfortunate phenomenon be considered as factors militating against the growth and development of Africa? In terms of structure and for the purpose of understanding and clarity of the main thrust of this article, we have divided the paper into four parts. The first part focuses on the interpretation and application of the terms ‘growth and develo pment’ as concepts of analysis. It is necessary to understand that the two concepts were used based on what the paper takes them to be. Perhaps the greatest weakness in the literature of social sciences is striking lack of precision with which terms are used and under the conditions they are studied. However, a clear distinction between growth and development is explained in this part. The second part discusses African perspective. The rich complex of minerals, ecological hung provided by the continent, the continent’s archeological sites and the richness of African culture and its contribution to global community is captured in the first part. The third part investigates the causes of the slow growth and development in Africa. On this part different explanations were presented to justify the strength of points on the topic under review. However, few examples of some selected countries were cited. The fourth part poses a fundamental question: whether or not Africa will ever grow and develop? Perhaps, this is the greatest challenge to African leaders in the 21st century whose time has come. While the final section concentrates on the concluding remarks. This part provides some plausible suggestions that would change the predicaments in Africa, at least if not all, some parts of it.

Lab report paraphrase Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paraphrase - Lab Report Example In addition to that, the same outputs must conclude in each of the NAND and BOR circuits. The properties were tested at the time of functional simulation, and proven during the hardware testing when the light on the FPGA board was programmed to turn on given there was an output of 1. The timing delay was also tested through the timing simulation. The outcome of the waveform was that it worked successfully the way it was supposed to. The design of the three circuits was made as an RTL schematic and each of the circuits had specific settings as it’s shown in figure 1.1. The second step was to transfer the three circuit’s design through USB to the FPGA for them to be tested as to whether they work properly or not. For Y1, Y2, and Y3 (as shown in Figure 1.2), 16 possibility variables were included. The graph as represented in Figure 1.3 is called the functional simulation. The functional simulation graph reveals the output results of the given variables of the functions. This simulation occurs in such a way that bumps in the graph represents the function when it equates to 1, while the straight lines represents the function when it equates to 0. Inclusively, the graph proves the assertion that NAND and BOR circuits have the same outcome (i.e. Give the same output). As shown in Figure 1.4, the function variables are represented in a timely interval and there variations with time. As a result the representation information that is accrued from the circuit can be obtained accordingly within the graph. Following the same logic as per the functional simulation, the bumps in the graph represents the function when it equates to 1, while the straight lines represents the function when it equates to 0. Of importance to note is that the graph also reveals propagation delay that occurs each time variables go through the logic gates in the timing simulation. By thoroughly following the steps as in the lab manual provided, the three

The analysis of art in history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The analysis of art in history - Essay Example The phenomenon is pretty well universal on pots: black frequently appears at the points where a need for strengthening on an analogous metal vessel might be expected. Although the practice of using black and red in what critics might describe as structural contexts was carried over into red-lines, it did not survive long there. It occurs on some of the earliest pottery, but its use on vessels made in this technique tends to be confined to lettering and subsidiary features such as streaks of blood, urine, black eyes, or cocks' combs. We might suppose that these were added in copper to silver vessels decorated in 'gold-figure'. The use of copper on vessels which had a substantial bronze component would not have affected their value, whereas its use on vessels made of precious metal had to be restrained (as it was, judging by their ceramic counterparts); for to over-use it would have been tantamount to advertising the fact that their value was not equal to their weight; the ancients (Pa pathanasopoulos 54). Another object selected for analysis is Three Mycenaean Terracotta One-Handled Cups. These cups dated back a. 1400-1300 BC. They belong to Mycenaean culture and represents a traditional type of pottery used by the civilization. The interrelationships of form and color in pottery had a long tradition behind them. They were, however, part of a continuum which can be observed over centuries, and certainly beyond the Roman period. The 'essential unity' of the most common kind of fine pottery, the tableware that is 'generally red in color and with a fine clay coating known variously as a glaze. In reality, while technical details of the potter's craft may well have passed from one centre to another, the vessels that were made will usually have evoked the plate made locally for rich households or sanctuaries. Gold- and silversmiths' designs, moulds, and plaster casts probably played a major role. The use of red on pots was probably but a gesture in the direction of gold, for the vessels i n question would never have appeared side-by-side in a context where close comparisons could be made. In the case of Mycenaean pottery, fine red tableware will probably have been made for people who had only heard about gold vessels, or who only saw them from a distance at festivals (Mycenaean 20-21). In contrast to the Cycladic Terracotta, red colors reveal in the cups. The characteristic forms of pottery after Alexander's conquests were rather different from those that had existed before. The mould-made, handle-less bowls decorated in relief that became the norm, doubtless reflected Near Eastern dining practices. The characteristic color of local mould-made pottery continued to be black: one category of bowls 'are covered with the black glaze familiar from Attic pottery of earlier periods (Mycenaean 21). The main difference is unique ornament and geometric figures in pottery: there are geometric ornaments on the jug. The cups are ornamented with geometric ornaments and circles. These ornaments represent unique cultural meaning of each civilization and their perception of the world around them. The pottery did not play a sacred role but is found in boreal places. Both examples allow to say that economic aspect

Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument Essay Example for Free

Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument Essay The organization I last worked with is an IT/ITES company, which is one of the fastest growing fortune 500 companies. The organization has a balanced out structure however there is a little dominance towards ‘The Market’. As per my experience I can say that the reason for this is that the organization is relatively young and striving to compete with the best in the industry. This requires leaders to be competitive and to an extent demanding. Also the employees are dedicated towards the company’s vision and hence strive to achieve the goals and targets set for them. Culture – Strong. People are focused on innovating and brainstorming towards ideas that the management can implement and improve their processes. The company is people oriented which in turn creates a high commitment level from the employees. The organization has leaders who are efficient and ensure smooth running of the company. The company is sensitive towards the clients and customers and goes an extra mile to deliver better than the expectations. This is the reason for them to be able to retain customers and get new businesses. Another fact that I am aware of is that the organization has not till date fired any employee unless in extreme ethical sensitive issues. An example of people being valued and everyone considered equal is that when I joined the company as a fresher some of my friends who ad joined along with me sent a mail to the CEO regarding a certain issue and got a reply from him with the action that would be taken. Since mostly the organizational structure is balanced out there is not much discrepancy. I would however like the company reduce its dominance in the Market style and according to me that will happen with time. Yes there is a cultural congruence and that is mainly because the company’s culture was same as my expectation.

Wedding Traditions Across Different Cultures Essay -- Weddings Marriag

Wedding Traditions Across Different Cultures When it comes to planning a wedding, people have to worry not only about food, flowers, and what they wear, they also have to honor many traditions, even if they don't understand their origins or meanings. However, to not follow these traditions, understood or not, might mean bad luck for the marriage or, at the very least, disgruntled wedding guests. Every culture cherishes its own marriage traditions and superstitions. Many are not understood but are still seriously followed because 'it's always been done that way'; (Kendrick). Even people not normally superstitious wouldn't think of violating these traditions. Many traditions originated from old rhymes, folktales or tribal traditions whose origins are lost in time. For example, one of the original meanings of the word 'wedding'; was to gamble or wager. This comes from the time when a bride price was required before marriage. This bride price could include land, social status, political alliances or money. Thus, the 'Anglo-Saxon word 'wedd' meant that the groom would vow to marry the woman, but it also referred to the bride price (money or barter) to be paid by the groom to the bride's father'; (Kendrick). There are equally surprising origins for such traditions as the ring finger, wedding ring, engagement ring (and its diamond), and wedding cake. For example, the finger used as the ring finger differs from culture to culture. In Greece during the third century the index finger was used. In India they used the thumb. The 'modern'; ring finger started being used in the fourth century when the Greeks originated the belief that the third finger was connected to the heart by the 'vena amoris,'; or the vein of love. (Kendrick). Use of a wedding ring can be traced back to Roman times, and even back then it was made of gold. Roman rings were often decorated with a carving of two hands to symbolize two people journeying through life together as one. Early women's rings also had keys carved in them, symbolizing that women were able to unlock the hearts of their husbands. It was 'Pope Nicholas I [in 860 AD, who first] decreed an engagement ring become a required statement of nuptial intent,'; (Kendrick). He insisted that this ring also be ma... ...untie these knots (Kendrick). The honeymoon is considered a time for the new couple to escape all of the pre- wedding stresses and just enjoy relaxing with each other before the pressures of married life set in. Karl says the 'moon'; part of the honeymoon was because customarily the bride and groom would go away for a whole month, or from full moon to full moon (132). A honey-flavored wine was frequently enjoyed on the getaway. 'Honey was the ancient symbol of life, health, and fertility,'; (Karl132). The two words eventually were combined to denote the honeymoon we know today. Wedding cakes and diamond rings, white gowns and garters, veils and ring fingers. These and other traditions of the modern wedding all have their origins in beliefs and superstitions that are centuries old. Planning a modern wedding can be a hectic, nerve wracking experience, and the chaos can often blind the young couple to the true meaning of the ceremony they are about to share. Perhaps if a modern couple took the time to understand some of the ceremony's customs and traditions their wedding day would have even greater meaning for them.

Current Economic Development of Oil Exporting Countries

Current economic development of oil exporting countries. (by the example of Saudi Arabia) Introduction3 OPEC and oil prices. 4 History4 Common development problems of OPEC member countries6 Saudi Arabia8 History8 Economic development9 Main goals9 Role of the government10 New industry sectors10 Private sector11 Foreign labor11 Social and politic structure12 Conclusion14 Literature15 Introduction. The subject of this research is the economy and society of the oil-exporting countries while the topic can be described as current economic development of the oil-exporting countries and their prospects. As the best example we have chosen Saudi Arabia. The oil-exporting countries are important players on the world market. They can set up oil prices reducing or increasing extraction rates, and mostly this is the only way they get money for their budgets, oil deposits have great influence on their economy. That’s what is called Dutch disease and what their biggest problem is. Some measures in many fields should be taken to get rid of this disease, to change economic and social structure, to make a shift to new phase in their development. This statement constitutes the thesis of this term-paper. The general purpose of this research is to find common stages and common problems of oil-exporting countries development, try to explain them and suggest some solutions. The goals can be determined as the following: 1. To look at the OPEC, its history and common problems of the Member Countries; to follow the interconnectedness between oil price and prosperity of the oil-exporters. 2. To consider brief history of Saudi Arabia for better understanding of that country. . To estimate the role of the government, private sector, new industry sectors, foreign labor and social and politic structure in economic development; to show current situation and topical problems in all these spheres. 4. In conclusion try to forecast the possible ways of further development. This term-paper can be used for further research in this sphere. OPEC and oil prices. Today oil is natural resource that has great influence on the development of oil-produ cing countries like Russia or the OPEC countries. If a country exports huge amount of oil its price determines budget of the country, political situation, prices for a wide range of goods. It's so because oil isn't just raw material for gasoline production, also for plastics, construction materials and so on. Many oil-exporting countries can set up oil prices reducing or increasing extraction rates, and in the same time no one in the modern world can live without gasoline or electricity. So, we can say that oil is a race in which the main targets are power and money, huge sum of money. But sometimes oil exporters go to the extremities – their budgets depend only on oil prices, in fact this field is a real money spinner. That's how the Dutch disease begins. A good example could be the OPEC countries. OPEC has the biggest oil deposits in the world (almost 80%) and they play a crucial role in oil pricing. This organization controls extraction rates (what leads to controlling of oil prices), foreign policy and strategy of Member Countries. That's why we'd like to consider OPEC itself, its history and common problems. History. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a cartel of 12 countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. The organization has maintained its headquarters in Vienna since 1965, and hosts regular meetings among the oil ministers of its Member Countries. T he OPEC Member countries came together to form this international organization with several aims. Some of the aims are: †¢To protect the interest of the member countries. To make sure that the price of petroleum products do not change much. †¢To make certain a regular supply of petroleum oil to other countries. †¢To make sure that member countries get suitable income from sale of oil products. †¢To decide policies to follow relating to production and sale of petroleum oil. However, OPEC has not always been able to achieve all these aims. Venezuela was the first country to move towards the establishment of OPEC by approaching Iran, Gabon, Libya, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in 1949, suggesting regular and closer communication among oil-producing countries. It was a topical question because all oil-exporting countries were exploited by such corporations as British Petroleum, Chevron, Exxon, Gulf, Mobil, Royal Dutch, Shell and Texaco, which controlled crude oil refining worldwide. These corporations organized a cartel and reduced procurement prices. Initially the OPEC wasn't taken into account. Europe and the U. S. didn't believe than Arabic governments could find a compromise and reduce extraction rates. Honestly speaking first 10 years wasn't very successful for OPEC. But in the 1970-s with help of 1973 oil crisis, Arab-Israeli conflict and second crisis in 1979 OPEC transformed into important political and economic force. By the way being part of OPEC is a huge responsibility. High oil prices are the consequence of low extraction rate. But if one country in pursuit of higher incomes tries to sell a little bit more than its quota is, then price goes down even for those countries that did everything right. Nowadays oil prices are still high in comparison with 1990-s (when normal price per barrel was 22-28 dollars), but since June 2008 they have dramatically fallen, as it is shown on the graph below. The war in Iraq and increasing demand in Asian-Pacific Region, especially in India and China that are consuming large amount of fuel, can be named as a reason for such growth. Anyway the OPEC countries still have their problems and many of them are much the same because of cultural, historical, governmental and economical similarity, some countries almost overcame them and others didn't. Most illustrative will be the example of Saudi Arabia as the country having the biggest oil deposits in the world. Common development problems of OPEC member countries. Below is the list of the typical problems which OPEC countries usually face. Not long ago Arabic countries were under the reign of the USA and Europe, which exploited their resources leaving countries themselves underdeveloped. In the end of XX century everything changed. Briefly the scheme of their development could be described this way: 1. Dependence on western countries. 2. 1970-s crises. Inflow of petrodollars. 3. Euphoria, thoughtless investments and projects. 4. Attempt to create a new type of social structure. 5. Admitting mistakes, appearing of new aims like development of different industry sectors, not only oil-extracting. All these periods have their common difficulties. Firstly, Arabic countries fell behind all developed countries and because of their cultural specialty weren’t ready to radical innovations which were so needed. Women are still not interested in education; almost 50% of them are illiterate. By the way it is one of the crucial problems in such countries – the lack of educated people, especially with higher technical education, consequently appears deficit of well qualified workers on the plants and other enterprises. Employees were absolutely not ready to start working on advanced equipment. That's way many executive positions are occupied by foreign specialist, what isn't very good option for the country. Second main problem is the Dutch disease – too strong dependence on one industry sector. Budget, living standards, national projects – all these depends only on oil prices, which are not always foreseeable and controllable. For example too warm winter reduces consumption of fuel, what reduces oil demand and consequently oil price. Many other factors have the same influence, and all of them hit oil-exporters, making them too vulnerable. In Saudi Arabia 85% of budget are petrodollars, so it's clear how important for them oil price fluctuations are. And the last important problem is that government not always can make reasonable investments. Arabic sheikhs started huge constructions and projects â€Å"to the glory of the country† which were usually unprofitable. Only later this wish to spend money became weaker and investments – more useful. Actually, these are main difficulties of OPEC countries. In every oil-exporting country governments more or less successfully tried to find proper solutions to these problems. Saudi Arabia. History. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an Arab monarchical state. It is bordered by Jordan on the northwest, Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 27. 6 million, and its size is approximately 2,150,000 square kilometers. Today it is one of the few fastest growing countries in the world with a high per capita income of $20,700 Some figures: Population: 27,601,038 (0. 3% of world population) Density: 11/km2 Urban population: 80% GDP (2007): $555,055 billion Oil resources: 261. 2 billion barrels, 26% of world oil resources (amount that is enough for 86 years of consumption) Extraction rate: 8 million barrels per day. Among Arabic countries Saudi Arabia is the richest, because its oil deposits are the biggest, like its OPEC quota. Country itself isn't very big, but population is growing. Literacy rate is very low – only 63% and it is very serious problem, as was said earlier. Economic development. As it was mentioned, economy of Saudi Arabia depends on oil market and it's impossible to analyze it without taking into account oil industry. Because of oil export and money inflow this country made visible leap in development and today some indexes are just like in Europe or in the U. S. Society is developing too, leaving behind prejudices. Main goals. There are three main goals for the state: 1. GDP growth 2. Diversification of national economy. 3. Development of human resources. These goals were set 30 years ago and still being a topical question. But a lot of efforts were put to reach these goals. For example in 1970 GDP was 22. 9 billion riyals and in 1982 already 524. 7 billion. A diversification is also present. The role of oil sector is reducing. Processing industry was established, and there are a lot of financing projects. What is not less important, financial sector has appeared. But anyway, as of 2007, non-oil manufacturing contributed 10% to Saudi Arabian GDP and less than 6% of total employment. But development of human resources is falling behind. Actually the problem of lacking qualified labor force was solved by inviting foreign specialists. Role of the government. Initially the most profitable oil deposits were exploited by western companies, but today the biggest oil producing company – ARAMCO – was nationalized and oil policy was reviewed. Now extraction rates became smaller and deposits were used in more rational way. Today more than 95% of all Saudi oil is produced on behalf of the Saudi Government by the ARAMCO. In June 1993, ARAMCO absorbed the state marketing and refining company (SAMAREC), becoming the worlds largest fully integrated oil company. But the second problem was how to spend money. Governors were wrong hoping that petrodollars inflow will last forever. Money was invested in useless projects, and some spending was just uncontrolled. It all led to overheated economy. Also there was an effort to copy western system of production, but it also wasn't successful. All these things were a reason to work out a new plan of economic development, attracting more private capital and making more reasonable investments. In the last few years there is a privatization tendency in Saudi economy, of course except ARAMCO. Also government supports oil industry, giving money for development of the new deposits. New industry sectors. In the world Saudi Arabia plays the role of crude oil exporter, and it isn't the best position on the world market. That's why they are trying to find new profitable spheres. And one of them could be petrochemistry. This field grows every year and today Saudi Arabia is the main manurial supplier on the Middle East. Of course today it's impossible to cure the Dutch disease, but maybe someday oil exporting countries will not depend so much on oil prices. Private sector. In 70-80-s government created good conditions for private sector. Such things like transfers, legislative support, special banks and funds were aimed at supporting this sector of economy. Powerful oil industry till now is a good base for economic development. The government is still attempting to promote growth in the private sector by privatizing industries such as power and telecom. Saudi Arabia announced plans to begin privatizing the electricity companies in 1999, which followed the ongoing privatization of the telecommunications company. Shortages of water and rapid population growth may constrain government efforts to increase self-sufficiency in agricultural products. But this governmental support has the second side – private enterprises are still hoping on help and transfers from government and western partners. Without such support it's more profitable to invest money abroad. And that's the problem. But anyway private sector is growing and private capital goes to high-tech development and research. Foreign labor. As was said, there is a lack of well educated specialists on the plants. The government tries to promote so called Saudization – national policy to encourage employment of Saudi nationals in the private sector instead of workers from South and Southeast Asia. Despite these efforts, the country draws a significant portion of its labor force from foreign countries, especially from South and Southeast Asia (notably India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, the Philippines, Nepal, and Sri Lanka), East Asia, East Africa and from other Middle Eastern countries. There are also some people from North America, South America, and Europe. Hundreds of thousands of low-skilled workers and skilled workers from regions of the developing world migrate to Saudi Arabia, sometimes only for a short period of time, to work. Although exact figures are not known, skilled experts in the banking and services professions seek work in the Kingdom. Social and politic structure. An Arabic country always remains an Arabic country with its own culture, social and politic structure. Saudi Arabian culture mainly revolves around the religion of Islam. Islam's two holiest sites, Mecca and Medina, are located in the country. Also it shouldn't be forgotten that it is the monarchical state. All it leaved an imprint on people and their set of mind. Although huge sums of money were spent on health care and educational programs, the social structure didn't change a lot. It is still important to which family or place you belong; ruling establishment stayed the same, just like the attitude to women. Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world where women are banned from driving on public roads. Women may drive off-road and in private housing compounds, that can be very huge. Their attempts to change something usually lead to nothing. Several international human rights organizations, such as Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the United Nations Human Rights Committee have issued reports criticizing the Saudi legal system and human rights violation in various political, legal, and social areas, especially severe limitations on the women rights. The Saudi government typically dismisses such reports as being outright lies or asserts that its actions are based on its adherence to Islamic law. Political structure also is very traditional – the monarch makes all decisions and any attempts to loosen his power, like advisory board, have failed. There is no freedom of speech and no political opposition, although there are a lot o people abroad who criticize such policy. So, development of Saudi Arabia is very controversial. On the one hand, financial and oil-producing sectors are growing in high gear. On the other hand people's set of mind didn't change and with this excess baggage it's impossible to move forward. Other controversial thing: government wants to keep Islamic values, but in the same time educational system is an exact copy of the American one, and American talk-shows and cartoons are demonstrated on the national television. There is an opinion that all it happened because of too fast growth. The society wasn't ready for petrodollars and all these goods which it gets. That's why people have very vague ideas of what they need today or in the future – new way of life or traditions and Islamic values. Conclusion. To sum it all up, we'd like concern possible future of oil-exporting ountries. In a foreseeable future it is impossible to find alternative energy sources which could fully substitute oil and gas. World demand will grow and there are only four countries which can increase extracting rates. These are: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Nigeria and Gabon. It means that political and economic power of OPEC will grow. But also it's obvious that raw materials like crude oil are cheaper than processed goods like gasoline. That's why huge sums of money must be invested in the development of oil refineries and it's a very important long term investment. By the way this developing process must involve not only industries but also people themselves, because a state can change only after its citizens. Anyway, dependence on oil prices is very unreliable and undesirable, like any dependence, even if it helps to finance social projects. Current economic crisis has shown that. Governments of oil exporting countries must find a compromise between this Dutch disease with massive capital inflows and healthy but maybe not so rich economy.

Lasik opened my eyes

LASIK is the abbreviated term for Laser Assisted in-situ Keratomileusis. This technology is a type of refractive laser eye surgery done by ophthalmologist. LASIK provides cure for astigmatism, myopia and hyperopia. The procedure in conducting LASIK alternates photorefractive keratectomy/PRK since it requires minimal time for the patients recovery and less pain. In 1950, Jose Barraquer developed microkeratome. This was used to cut thin flaps in the cornea and changes its shape (keratomileusis). Barraquer also added in his findings how much of the cornea left unchanged to provide a stable result of the operation. In my personal view, this helped people with occurring malfunctions in their sight. In 1970’s-80’s, Svyatoslav Fyodorov and Theo Seiler developed Radial Keratectomy and Photo Refractive Keratomileus, respectively. The developments in more technical and procedural part of treating differences in the sight helped to cure other malfunctions found in the eye. In 1968, the scientists at the Northrup Corporation Research and Technology Center developed the Excimer laser. This development in eye surgery was the pillar in the advancement to LASIK. Through the developments and advances made by several scientists in the field of ophthalmology, LASIK was developed. In 1990, Buratto and Pallokaris introduced keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. Combining the two techniques, ophthalogists find greater precision and less complication in eye surgery. In addition, limitations of excimer lasers were resolved through LASIK (LASIK surgery, 2007). LASIK cure refractive errors, improve vision, and eliminate the used of eye glasses/contact lenses. Blurred vision is not actually a problem since the technology of LASIK is available. Although the operation cost huge amount of money, nothing would price good vision. There are also risks in LASIK. Although the technology guarantees better results and effective eye resolution, complications sometimes come up. Equipment malfunctions, infections and wrong prescription would results to total lost of vision. This rarely happened when the patient apply for a non-licensed surgeon. LASIK as of today are classified into different types of laser ablations including conventional LASIK wavefront-optimized treatments, and wavefront-guided treatments. Conventional LASIK follows an ablation pattern of eye surgery. The surgery is based upon the patient’s glasses prescription. In most patients, this type of operation is effective but surgical errors could cause visual aberrations (Randleman and Payne, 2007). The advancement in modern science offers easier living for most of the people. LASIK provides fast, accurate and painless eye surgery for patients with refractive errors. Most probably in the future, the current procedure of eye surgery would continuously advance. Protocols may be different and will treat other errors in the eye. The laser technology used today may be used in other fields of science. With the help of LASIK eye surgery, I was able to obtain clear vision. Before, I’m having difficulties reading from far distances and I need first to wear my glasses. My glasses were thick and I was ashamed in the public wearing it. Until today, I can now read without my glasses anymore. References Randleman, J. and J. Payne. (2007). LASIK Eye Surgery. LASIK Eye Surgery Index. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from www.medicinenet.com. (2007). LASIK Surgery. The LASIK Directory. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from www.the-lasik-directory.com. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  

Brain Food or Plain Food Essay Example

Brain Food or Plain Food Essay Example Brain Food or Plain Food Essay Brain Food or Plain Food Essay Brain Food or Plain Food Being a college student may not be what it is all cracked up to be in the cinema. Juggling things such as working multiple part time Jobs, meeting classwork deadlines, and various other responsibilities creates psychological and sometimes physical stress, ultimately tending to get in the way of ones nutritional needs. When one does come to see that they have been neglecting their body of nutritional needs, they are faced with an ultimatum. The choice to be made is whether to give in to the cheap, and hunger satisfying but inadequate nourishment or to spend a little more for some roper nourishment that your body surely needs. In Philosophy Professor Kwame Anthony Appiahs essays Making Conversation and The Primacy of Practice, the author states the term cosmopolitanism to describe an ability to connect with and accept others on a multicultural level through creating conversation both locally and on the global scale, creating a deeply interconnected world. In Journalism Professor Michael Pollans essay The Animals: Practicing Complexity, Pollan gives a detailed visual description of Polyface Farm that ultimately exposes a larger and more ultifaceted ecological and economic system, while also discussing feedback systems and food supply chains. In a study by John Todorovich, thirty four college freshmen were enrolled in a new student orientation course taught by graduate nutrition sstudents. The course consisted of five one hour focus groups where the sstudents were taught valuable nutrition information while their reactions and the effectiveness of the course was simultaneously measured. A conversation between sstudents and faculty alike here at Florida Atlantic University on the topic of how to eat better and how to bring more nutritional foods to the campus needs to be had. Educating everyone on campus about what one should be eating to be healthy and live an active lifestyle and what the many benefits of eating correctly are will transform this habit of eating better into a domino effect, passing on the habit to others, creating a complex system. For starters, the food and drink options to one at Florida Atlantic University are anything but ideal for the health conscious person. The Food Court alone is packed full of unhealthy yet apealing options such as Wendys, Pizza Hut, Chinese food and Quiznos. Aside from the food court, there are also several coffee shops offering astries and small hut-like stands offering energy drinks and candy bars for those on the go. For the sstudents that reside on the campus, as well as any others who decide pay the absurd fee, can eat in the dining hall which offers more nutritional food options, as well as the food being freshly made. In order for sstudents to perform well in class, the body needs certain nutrients, which the current dining options on campus to not provide conveniently or economically. Relations are what matter most, and the health of the cultivated turns on the health of the wild (Pollan 292). This uote derived from Michael Pollans essay on Polyface farms illustrates that the Junk food people in todays society are ingesting is not only negatively affecting ones own health and those around them, but the animals we are ingesting as well. Pollan displays how everything eventually in one way or another ends up in a cycle. So if we are Duylng Incre01Dly cneap processed poorly. 000, our livestock Is eatlng even more Moreover, the sooner the change in the food available on campus, the better. Currently, I am taking a nutrition class at FAU, and as my professor was speaking of hat a balanced diet consists of, I came to the realization that many of the nutrients mentioned I would not be able to find on campus at all. Essentially, the human body needs certain vitamins and nutrients that fast food Just simply does not offer to us. There are many components to having a nutritional diet. The first component includes three serving of dairy such as cheese and milk. The second component is foods such as oatmeal and brown rice, neither of which can be found in the Food Court on campus. The third component of a nutritious diet is four servings of fruits and vegetables, which can be pricy to obtain on campus. The fourth and perhaps most important dietary component is protein such as lean chicken and lean turkey, as well as tofu, a vegetarian alternative which I have yet to see to see on campus. Other colleges have already made this leap of enhancing the nutritional value of the food offered on campus. For example, some colleges are implementing salad bars. What can also speed us the process of this change while simultaneously educating sstudents of how to eat better. This change can be by creating more nutrition courses at school and offering free literature on how to make healthier food choices on campus. Currently, the only food and nutrition class offered at Florida Atlantic University is once a week on Mondays from seven to ten at night. The benefits of offering healthier choices at Florida Atlantic University are significant. In order for the brain to function properly and to its full capacity, proper nutrients are needed. Loss of energy and focus are two factors that cause sstudents to purchase pricy and potentially harmful energy drinks and supplements. Eating a proper and healthy diet can avoid this need altogether. Those sstudents who eat right tend to perform exceptionally better in their courses. Receiving sustained energy that asts for hours by the food one eats is a much better alternative than sugary energy drinks that result in one crashing after a period of high energy. As well as increased energy, a benefit of eating healthy is preventing harmful diseases. Heart disease is at an all-time high in the United States, as well as many cancers that have been found to be prevented by nutritional mearns. Obesity in America is also a major concern, with roughly thirty five ppercent of adults being obese. A Correspondingly, by adding more nutritious food options to the University campus, the health of sstudents is not the only variable affected. These sstudents may go on to learn dietary information that they can then go on to share with their families and friends. Eating habits are also primarily learned in adolescence, so with proper nutrition being implemented to college sstudents now, theyre learned exceptional eating habits can be carried on tthroughout their lifetime. It was all of a biological piece, the trees and the grasses and the animals, the wild and the domestic, all part of a single ecological system (Pollan 292. ) In this quote, Pollan describes Polyface Farm as a whole ecological coordination, in which one variable of the farm could not e affected without affecting another variable. The FAU campus can be thought of ssimilarly, spicing up the dining locations on campus to provide healthy foods will cause a chain like reaction, causing sstudents to do better in classes and have more energy to get tasks completed ana partlclpate In campus actlvltles. A001ng nealtnler foods as opposed to fast food will also reinforce fast food companies to expand their menus to include healthier options, and improve some of their existing menu choices. In Kwame Appiahs essay, a message is implemented that a change or movement can be brought on by a single person, making conversation with peers. This message relates to the nutritional food choice movement I would like to entice my peers in. Word of mouth is the initial step to creating a movement with much potential. Earlier in my paper I noted how poor the actual education of valuable nutrition information is on the college campus. A Journal table 1 I found through the Florida Atlantic University Library website displays information on an observation of college freshman willingness to learn nutritional information. John Todorovich and his colleagues created a nutrition course module program for incoming college sstudents with poor eating habits. Following the nutrition course, five major themes emerged showing how useful the course was after all. The first theme Todorovich noted was the acquisition of knowledge on topics like portion sizes, different food groups, how to choose healthier snack items, and how to prepare small yet healthy meals for oneself. The study indicated that mostly all sstudents involved learned a significant amount of nutrition information. The second theme of the study was the behavior change of the sstudents involved. Most sstudents vowed to change their poor eating habits, except for a handful of stubborn male sstudents who stated they would be eluctant to change their eating habits unless is was absolutely necessary. On the brighter side, the vast majority of sstudents agreed to start preparing more healthy meals for themselves as opposed to fast food, and to eliminate soft drinks like soda from their diet. In the third theme of the study, it was found that the informal and wittiness of the college graduate nutrition sstudents added to the effectiveness of the course. The sstudents liked being able to relate to the nutritional battles that instructors went through. The final theme of the study is the effective aspects that helped the sstudents learn this information. Because most of the sstudents lacked proper measuring devices in their dorms, portion equivalents like a baseball or deck of cards were used to indicate proper portion size. In addition, the sstudents were also shown food models and played interactive nutrition games quizzing what they have learned. With all things considered, the health of college sstudents at Florida Atlantic University and likely the majority of college sstudents abroad are at risk. For many college sstudents, after being cooked for while at home, it can be tricky and nearly impossible to resist the wide selection of unhealthy food options. Some sstudents actually become overwhelmed with all of the fast food options, and resort to buying food from multiple places. A combined effort from both faculty and sstudents will be needed in order to successfully alter the diet FAU has to offer. To be a prosperous college student, maintaining a healthy body and mind is crucial. Maintaining a healthy body weight, strengthening your immune system, increased mental alertness, and a general feel good sensation tthroughout the body can be achieved by simply eating healthy foods. Im using the word conversation not only for literal talk but also s a metaphor for engagement with the experience and the ideas of others (Appiah In tnls quote aerlvea Trom l ne Prlmacy 0T Practlce, Applan empnaslzes tnat conversation is not limited to conversing with a friend, but can also be thought of as starting a movement or implementing an idea in the thoughts of others.