Urban Poverty And The Urban Underclass Essay - 939 Words

According to Curley (2005), urban poverty has been a huge issue for hundreds of years. The people living in inner-city neighborhoods were the primary target for poverty. It had a tremendous effect on the black population; it increased by 164 percent in ten years alone. Finding a job became hardly impossible. Therefore, neighborhoods began to segregate, leaving the disadvantaged poor behind. The neighborhoods relied on welfare to make ends meets. This resulted in an increase in crime rates (p.97). This paper was a view of how early ecologist viewed urban poverty. William Wilson’s thesis, The Truly Disadvantage, explained how social conditions led to the urban underclass. He enlightened the readers on how social isolation and concentration effects affected the inner-city neighborhoods. He reasoned that there were more jobs available in the suburbs than in inner-city neighborhoods. The jobs that were available required formal education and credentials, something the inn er-city residents lacked. The lack of education made it harder for them to get jobs. Therefore, the joblessness forced inner-city neighborhoods to start merging with lower, working, and middle-class black families. By the 1980’s the middle-class and the working-class had moved out the inner- city neighborhoods. Those who were left behind, Wilson referred to them as the urban underclass. The isolation between the groups left the underclass vulnerable (p. 98). On the other hand, Massey and Denton,Show MoreRelatedUrban Poverty: The Underclass Essay2609 Words   |  11 Pages In tackling the problem of urban poverty, William Julius Wilson calls for a revitalization of the liberal perspective in the ghetto underclass debate. He claims that liberals dominated the discussions with compelling and intelligent arguments until the advent of the controversial Moynihan report in 1965, which claimed that â€Å"at the heart of the deterioration of the Negro society is the deterioration of the Negro family† (Moynihan), After that, liberals avoided any research that mightRead MoreThe Underclass Of The United States1449 Words   |  6 PagesAn underclass does not exist in the United States. It is a function of conservative’s imaginations. The relevance of their creating of an underclass serves one large purpose and that is to be an emotional ploy to keep people politically occupied with small issues. This allows corporations to ensure that their competition will be busy fighting other battles while they continue to push policy and laws that will represent the interests of the country’s wealthiest and most powerful. A distraction isRead MoreThe English Underclass in Dr. Theodore Dalrymles â€Å"Life at the Bottom1138 Words   |  5 Pagesto express his views of the English underclass. He believes their impaired ways of life, are the cause of poverty in England, â€Å"not the economy†. Those who pledged to serve and protect, on many levels, are neglecting their respo nsibilities, either in fear of being judged themselves or by simply turning a blind eye to continuous problems within England. No one wants to accept the reality of England’s horrendous situation. Therefore their endless battle with poverty, suffering and misery will continueRead MoreInequities in Access to Quality Programs: A Detrimental Factor in Continued Strife Within the Urban Underclass 2004 Words   |  9 Pageswithin the urban setting suffer from poverty levels much greater than those in rural communities. Mona Scott (2012), explains that minority groups suffer from the effects of the inequity of poverty. African American communities experience an unemployment rate of 15 percent, whereas white communities have an unemployment rate of 10 percent (p. 177). Great strides must be taken in order to reverse the negative effects of poverty overall, and the magnified negative impact poverty has in the urban communityRead More The Two Major Causes of the Urban Underclass E ssay1870 Words   |  8 PagesCauses of the Urban Underclass nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Today in the United States, as well as in many other affluent, industrialized nations, there exists an urban underclass, which is defined as a class of people that comprises members of low-income households who have little or no participation in the workforce (Gilbert 2003, p. 274). Currently there are predominantly two distinct, conflicting views of why the underclass exists. On one hand, there is the notion that the underclass is simplyRead MoreFactors Contributing For Criminal Activity Among African Americans1587 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans. Throughout his study, he observed that if men are moved from different environments, they began to lose harmony with the environment that results in crime (Shaun L. Gabbidon,2015). Dubois used variables such as age, unemployment, and poverty to explain crime (1899). Furthermore, Dubois study became a template to be used in studies that come to follow. During the 1900’s, cities such as Chicago began to exp erience some of the same challenges that were previously studied in PhiladelphiaRead MoreFamily Structure in the Nineteenth Century Essay7830 Words   |  32 PagesAbstract Family structure in the United States has undergone a dramatic change since the 1960s. The percentage of female-headed households increased while the percentage of married couple households declined. This paper uses data from the Urban Underclass Database to explain the roles the transforming economy (from manufacturing to service) and the subsequent employment dislocation play in the family structure change. Results for the largest 100 cities in the United States find support for a relationshipRead MoreRacial Segregation Within The United States780 Words   |  4 Pagesthe distinctive patterns of poverty among African Americans revolves around the question, â€Å"is it class or race that causes (and perpetuates) such misfortune of African Americans?† Scholars have looked at patterns of residential segregation in their attempts to answer such a question. Massey and Denton explore racial residential segregation in the United States throughout the 20th century. They argue that the making and concentration of the (African American) underclass in inner cities resulted fromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Trainspotting 1513 Words   |  7 PagesFilms). When the book was published Welsh was condemned for glamorizing heroin abuse, to which he responded that he was only depicting what was going on, what he knew, and who he knew. The book and the movie mirror the reality of the creation of an underclass in Edinburgh in the late 1970’s and 1980’s. Historically opiates have been a part of Edinburgh since the late 1600’s. After heroin was synthesized and began being used as a painkiller in 1894 Edinburgh became the capital of opiate production asRead MoreEducation Funding For Inner City Schools945 Words   |  4 PagesWhile all these possibilities from providing increased educational funding to inner city schools seem to provide a solution to the educational difficulties, the underclass is a multifaceted problem with several contributing factors. For example, the issue of students dropping out of school is not only affected by simply the quality of their education and resources. The appealing allure of drug dealing and belonging to a gang, both behaviors that involve criminal actions that could lead to incarceration

The American Dream The Reality Of America - 860 Words

America throughout time has been known as a country for opportunity and freedom, where anyone can come and have a fair chance at living their â€Å"American Dream.† The stereotypical American dream is having a two parent family, with stable income, owning a home with a white picket fence with two children. But the reality of America is that this â€Å"dream† is achieved more easily by white men. Even though America is supposedly â€Å"The land of the free† and provides â€Å"Liberty and Justice for all†, these statements are more of a source of irony than truth. In America a person’s social status, race, and gender play a large role in their ability to achieve the American dream. The color of one’s skin, how much money and social influence a person has, and what physical anatomy they contain affect how hard it is to attain their American dream. So the reality of America is that it is not as an equal opportunity land for everyone to achieve t heir dreams as it is thought to be. Discrimination against a person based on race is a long standing problem in America. From the land stolen from the Native Americans to the kidnapping of the Africans. So it is a no brainer that this discrimination still exists and can make it harder for individuals to achieve their American dream. The U.S census Bureau found that it was three times as high for black children to live under the poverty rate compared to white children, and eight times as likely to be imprisoned. It was also found that only 75 percent ofShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream : The Aspects Of The American Dream797 Words   |  4 PagesA hope, a wish, a dream, but certainly not reality. The proverbial American Dream consisted first of colonists emigrating to America and find a better life for themselves. The colonists could start from absolutely nothing and shoot to the top of the society. However, for most this dream is known more as a fallacy. The American Dream is Santa Claus. Some people are the beneficiary and believe in it and are filled with a sense of false hope, while others believe they have achieved it themselves andRead MoreGish Jen’s novel Typical American Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesGish Jen’s novel Typical American A mother drives her three kids to soccer practice in a Ford minivan while her husband stays at the office, rushing to finish a report. Meanwhile, a young woman prays her son makes his way home from the local grocery without getting held up at knife point by the local gang. Nearby, an immigrant finishes another 14-hour shift at the auto parts factory, trying to provide for his wife and child, struggling to make way in a new land. Later, a city girl hails a cabRead MoreThe American Dream Is Sublime Motivation1426 Words   |  6 Pagessaid one of America’s founding father’s, Abraham Lincoln. America, the land of the free, the home of the brave. A country where it doesn’t matter what color of skin a person has, how tall or short they are, or what family they came from; but what does matter is values, and the amount of courage people have. The opportunities in America are endless, and for that reason, people in other countries would do anything to live the American Dream .People will journey far and wide, traverse the entire continentRead MoreLet America Be America Again Poem Analysis792 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream or Nightmare? In â€Å"Let America Be America Again,† Langston Hughes addresses the reality of inequality and discriminative behaviors of the American people in the pre-Civil War era. Many Americans during this time felt the American Dream was just an illusion because they can never get the opportunity to make it their reality. In this poem, Hughes voices these silent Americans’ concern of how the founding principles of America are not being fulfilled unless a person is wealthy orRead MoreTortilla Curtain: the Myth of the American Dream1253 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica is often portrayed through images of well off middle-class families, shown alongside multiple cars and a large house that is filled with shining appliances and cupboards full of food. For hopeful immigrants to the United States, these images conjure the widespread myth of the American Dream. Immigrants believe that upon entry into the States, they will obtain prosperity through hard work and determination. The exp ression was first used in the beginning of the twentieth century when AmericaRead MoreHistory of America Mirrored in American Literature751 Words   |  3 PagesThe history of America is mirrored in American Literature. The American dream, the idea of equality and being able to achieve anything you wanted, meant that millions of immigrants moved to America. America claims to be a country which enables everyone to have equality and freedom however in the texts we can see it is rather a Capitalist and individualist country. The paradox of America can be seen through the fact that the Statue called freedom was built by slaves. The inequality can also be seenRead MoreThe American Flag: Symbol of the Vanishing American Dream1069 Words   |  5 Pagesit symbolized freedom and opportunity for both citizens of American and the immigrants. There was the dream that America was a place of freedom, where you could do what you want, say what you want, and get a job or own your own land. For so me, that dream became a reality, but for many of those immigrants, it has proven to be just that, a dream. Is this piece of cloth we hold in such high regard simply an ironic symbol or the American dream? Does it truly symbolize freedom and opportunity, or is itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And The American Dream1514 Words   |  7 Pagesearlier, the United States of America was a beacon of hope - a symbol of prosperity and freedom - that everybody originating from countries that did not offer the same opportunities craved to experience. Innumerous historical events, like the great migration movements to Angel and Ellis Island, proved America’s status as the homeland for success. Yet, as literature pieces from the time demonstrate, like The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the great â€Å"American Dream† ideology had been watered downRead MoreThe American Dream is Dead in Articles by Cal Thomas and Bob Herbert830 Words   |  3 PagesHowever the American Dream is per ceived there is no question that the dream is on the verge of becoming extinct. Bob Herbert addresses this in his article Hiding from Reality. He argues that the American Dream is dead. Similarly, Cal Thomas also argues that the American Dream is dead in his article Is the American Dream Over?.† Although both authors agree that the American Dream is extinct, they have differing opinions as to why. While they both believe that the government plays a large partRead MoreWomen And The American Dream1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream is the belief that every person in the United States has an equal opportunity to become successful. However, some people are not entitled to the American Dream. Many Americans are not treated equally under the law. Some of the groups lose their right to vote, have a more difficult time finding jobs, or are a group that has been forgotten by politicians. The American Dream is a controversial issue today because many groups in America have cl aimed that they have not received the

Natural Threats To Coral Reef Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Coral Reef, coastal and pelagic ecosystem renowned for its beautiful life signifiers and for supplying one of the most biologically diverse home grounds on Earth. A reef is a ridge or outcrop of stone in the sea that comes near to the surface. A coral reef is a reef that has been built mostly or wholly by corals, bantam animate beings that live together in settlements. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Threats To Coral Reef Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over 100s or 1000s of old ages the limestone skeletons of coral physique up, with new corals turning on the skeletons of the dead 1s. This physical construction, with its populating surface of corals and other beings, is a coral reef. The corals that build reefs are found merely in warm tropical Waterss where sea temperatures seldom fall below 18 A ; deg ; C ( 64 A ; deg ; F ) . They thrive merely in clear seawater where bright sunshine can perforate. This is because corals can non be without the symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae that live in coral tissues and necessitate sunshine for photosynthesis. Many reefs are found around islands, or rather far from land at the border of Continental shelves. Some of the most extended countries of coral reefs are found in the Pacific Ocean, around the islands of Southeast Asia and off the seashore of Australia. Large countries of coral reef are besides found in the Indian Ocean and around the Red Sea and Arabian Sea. Many coral reefs besides exist in the Caribbean Sea. Because their skeletons are made of limestone, corals leave clear and abundant dodos. Some of the earliest signifiers of life-mound- or pillar-shaped fossilised stones known as stromatolites-resemble corals. The oldest stromatolites day of the month back 3.5 billion old ages. They were laid down by some of the simplest beings on Earth-blue-green algae ( besides known as blue-green algae ) . About 560 million old ages ago, limestone reefs built by bacteriums, algae, and sponges foremost appeared. The first complex corals, known as tabulate corals, are recorded at approximately 500 million old ages ago. The corals we know today foremost appeared about 220 million old ages ago, before the age of the dinosaurs. The first true coral reefs began to look about 205 million to 210 million old ages ago. Since this clip there have been several periods of major reef-building, but besides periods when corals declined and did non construct reefs. In all, shallow coral reefs occupy merely about 284,000 sq kilometer ( 110,000 sq myocardial infarction ) , or less than tenth part of 1 per centum ( 0.1 per centum ) of the universe ‘s oceans. Yet in this bantam country, coral reefs house a one-fourth of all marine fish species. Reefs are extremely productive resources for human existences. Hundreds of 1000000s of people live within easy range of coral reefs and trust on them to supply nutrient. Coral reefs besides help protect human colonies from big moving ridges during storms. Types of coral reef: Scientists have identified many types of coral reefs. They are known as spot reefs, fringing reefs, barrier reefs, bank reefs, and atolls. Patch reefs occur along a Continental shelf where mound-shaped knolls on the sea floor are near plenty to the surface to let corals to settle and turn. Fringing reefs occur along a bouldery coastline where corals or coral remains extend outward from the shore and organize an outmost line or ridge that runs parallel to the shore. After many centuries, the reef may turn up to the sea surface. As Marine animals, the corals can non turn above the surface. An unusual type of reef is the coral atoll. This is a big, shallow bank, with a depression in the center, typically annular. The British naturalist Charles Darwin right theorized how coral atolls are formed. Coral atolls get down as fringing reefs about active Oceanic vents. When the volcanic eruptions cease, an island remains. Over long geological periods the island begins to drop. The fringing reef continues to turn as the island sinks. Soon what was a fringing reef around the shore becomes a barrier reef separated from the shriveling island by a deeper laguna. After 1000s of old ages, the volcanic island sinks wholly below sea degree, but the corals continue to turn, organizing a round coral reef, an atoll. Conditionss for coral growing: Corals in general are found in all seas and oceans, even in deep oceans and cold Waterss. Reef-building corals, by contrast, require quite specific conditions in order to boom. None are found in countries where the H2O temperature drops much below 18 A ; deg ; C ( 64 A ; deg ; F ) for more than a few yearss. Likewise, although some species in the Arabian Sea on a regular basis encounter temperatures of 36 A ; deg ; C ( 96.8 A ; deg ; F ) , more usually corals are adapted to boom in a much smaller temperature scope. Apart from temperature, corals besides require clear Waterss. This is partially because they need sunlight to back up the algae that live within their tissues. They are besides really sensitive to atoms of clay or deposit subsiding on them, which means that corals seldom grow close to rivers or other beginnings of deposit. Menaces to Coral Reef: Natural Threats to Coral Reef: Reefs have ever been capable to natural menaces. Storms and hurricanes on a regular basis sweep across some tropical countries, conveying monolithic moving ridges capable of nailing corals even at deepnesss of 10 m ( 33 foot ) or more. Heavy rainfall can besides harm corals by conveying fresh H2O and deposits onto the reefs. Certain animals eat coral. This is normally a natural procedure on a coral reef, but one animal, the crown-of-thorns sea star, sometimes reaches plague proportions and can destruct all living coral on a reef in a few hebdomads. These pestilences may be natural, and reefs can surely retrieve. However, many scientists believe that overfishing of the natural marauders of these starfish may be declining the job. Starfish populations may besides be turning because they benefit from increased fresh H2O and deposits. Human Threats to Coral Reefs: The great majority of human menaces to coral reefs falls into four classs: pollution, deposit, overfishing, and planetary heating. Corals are susceptible to assorted signifiers of pollution, but likely the most common is merely the flow of foods from untreated sewerage and from agricultural land, particularly where there is heavy usage of pesticides or fertiliser. These foods cause big additions in algae, both in the plankton and in algae turning on the seafloor, which so smother the corals or barricade out the visible radiation. The sum of deposits making the sea has increased quickly over the past hundred old ages or more. This can be linked to the loss of woods and the development of new agricultural techniques that lay the land unfastened to rain and eroding. The deposits are swept into the oceans through rivers and watercourses and, like the algae, can surround and kill the coral. Fishing has been traveling on around coral reefs for 1000s of old ages. Problems arise when excessively many people try to catch fish from the reefs, or when, frequently out of despair, they turn to destructive steps to capture fish. The rapid growing of human populations, combined with the development of progressively efficient angling methods, means that reefs in many countries are overfished. The reefs have fewer and smaller fish than in the yesteryear, a catastrophe both for the reef ecosystem and for the fishers. In a few topographic points, notably in Southeast Asia, some fishers use explosives to capture fish. These explosives kill all fish within a certain country, every bit good as destructing the corals nearby. It takes many old ages for these damaged countries to retrieve. Coral Reef Protection: Despite these menaces, coral reefs can be protected. The consequences of this protection are good for people every bit good as for the reefs. In topographic points where there is chronic overfishing, better, more sustainable direction patterns can increase the entire fish Numberss, leting for more fish to reproduce and raising the gimmicks of the fishers. Sewage intervention and better direction of land countries can assist cut down pollution and deposit, leting reefs to retrieve from degraded provinces. The most of import tools for coral reef preservation are instruction and the constitution of protected countries. Closing off even comparatively little countries of coral reefs to fishing can hold dramatic consequences. Large Numberss of fish build up in these countries and spill over to the environing reefs, where fishers may catch them. These same countries become valuable finishs for tourers as they offer chances to see the reefs. They are besides likely to be of import countries to back up the recovery of reefs when there is devastation of reef countries through natural impacts or coral bleaching. As of 2005 more than 660 coral reefs were being protected, including two of the universe ‘s largest protected areas-the Great Barrier Reef off Australia and the coral reefs of the northwest Hawaiian Islands. The 660 protected reefs represent about 19 per centum of the universe ‘s coral reefs. Some reefs appear to be more resilient to coral decoloring than others. The protection of these reefs from other harmful human impacts will be critical, non merely for their ain endurance, but besides because these same reefs may supply new corals to repopulate damaged reefs. But in the long tally, denominating coral reefs as protected zones will non save any reefs from the planetary effects of clime alteration. Merely drastic decreases in nursery gas emanations, peculiarly C dioxide emanations, can protect coral reefs from the dangers of planetary heating. How to cite Natural Threats To Coral Reef Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Business Economics Performing and Reforming Leaders

Question: Discuss about the Business Economics for Performing and Reforming Leaders. Answer: Introduction For this research essay, I would like to select Australian education industry as an individual industry to do study of individual behavior in an effective manner. The main reason behind it is that, Australian education industry is fast growing industry as compare to other industries. Along with this, there can be seen regular and modern development in the education industry of the nation. In the previous years, several innovative developments and trends occurred in the Australian education industry. This developments and trends have changed the repute of the industry. Along with this, modern dynamic educational policies and strategies are the major causes of the development within the industry. These dynamic trends and developments have enhanced the image of Australian education industry at the global level (Australian education system. 2016). This research essay would also be helpful to describe the current trends of Australian education industry. In addition to this, in this essay , different types of development of the education industry would also be discussed to accomplish the outcomes of the research in an appropriate manner. Moreover, this research essay would also be helpful to develop a clear understanding about the Australian education industry in the minds of students and researchers. Reforms in Australian Education Industry In the present day, Australian education industry is considered as the most dynamic and innovative industry in the world. It is because of the education system of Australia includes both local and global students in an equal manner. Apart from this, nowadays, there can be seen major changes in the education system of the nations. For case, currently, it is the most cost effective and encouraging industry in the world. The government of the nation has developed modern educational methods to motivate the global students (Graham, 2013). Moreover, with the help of Australian education industry, students of all the nations may fulfill their educational dreams in a proper manner. Along with this, the Australian government has classified the education system in the three major parts: tertiary, primary and secondary only to improve the education system of the nation. On the other hand, the dynamic educational policies and strategies of nation motivate third parties to make their contributions in the development of the industry. The government provides financial support and effectual infrastructure to improve the education level of the institutions, universities and schools of the nation (Eggins, 2014). Moreover, the Australian government has adopted an enforced education system to decrease the educational issues within the industry. The federal government plays a major role to provide necessary amenities and adequate subsidy facilities to the education industry of the nation. The government monitors the performance of the education system on the regular basis. Along with this, in the previous years, there can be seen quick developments in the educational sector of the nation. These developments reveal scrupulous changes within the educational framework. For case, there is a wide variety of compelling procedures within the Australian education sys tem. This procedure is essential in order to make the system more imaginative and victorious at the global level (Bonnor and Caro, 2007). In addition to this, the other major reform in the education industry is that it is able to improve the aptitudes, knowledge and capacities of students as well as learners for their bright future. Moreover, the government of Australia plays an important part by offering different unique educational techniques and approaches to the industry (Group of Eight Australia. 2014). The Australian government is implementing different rules and regulations in the education industry; so the nation may focus on free and compulsory education for the overall development of the people. The major goal of the Australian government is the endorsement of education in each and every corner of the nation. Apart from this, the research shows that, the Australian government has increased its budget on education in recent years. The government established numerous types of NGOs and public associations to build up an innovative as well as energetic educational culture within the nation. These NGOs and public associations encourage education inside and outside of the nation (Blackmore and Sachs, 2012). On the other hand, Australian education system is practical oriented instead of theory oriented. It is also major reform that has been done in the industry (Schiller and Liefner, 2007). The education industry does not focus on the theoretical knowledge. It focuses on the overall physical and mental development of the students or learners. The government of nation offers numerous scholarships and also conducts training programs to encourage the students for the education. For example, the Australian government has developed Commonwealth Grants Scheme to give financial support to the scholars. The Australian government also established different types of financial institutions to offer educations loan facilities to the poor apprentices. For case, higher education loan programs have granted loans of numerous students; so they can complete their high education in a proper manner (Smith, 2010). Along with this, the other major reform is that the Australian government has initiated numerous policies and procedures for the fee deregulation, subsidy cuts, and system development at the global level (Australian Government. 2004). In this way, it can be assumed that, there have been done numerous reforms in the education industry of Australia. These reforms are helpful to lessen the problems of education system of the nation. These reforms are helpful to improve not only the education level, but also the employment and income level of the nation in an effectual and a significant manner. Conclusion On the premise of the above discussion, it can be assumed that, the Australian education industry has become prominent in all over the world. The modern policies and tactics of the Australian government make the education system more valuable and supportive for the scholars. Along with this, the funding facilities and subsidies provided by the government, NGOs and public organizations play a significant role in the overall development of students or learners. Moreover, the government has made a provision in which education is a compulsory for each and every person of the nation. This is the most important reform that has been done in the education industry of Australia. References Australian education system. (2016). Study in Australia. Available At: https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/global/australian-education/education-system [Accessed On: 8th Dec. 2016] Australian Government. (2004). National Report of Australia. Available At: https://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE47/English/Natreps/reports/australia.pdf [Accessed On: 8th Dec. 2016] Blackmore, J. and Sachs, J. (2012). Performing and Reforming Leaders: Gender, Educational Restructuring, and Organizational Change. USA: SUNY Press. Bonnor, C. and Caro, J. (2007). The Stupid Country: How Australia is Dismantling Public Education. USA: UNSW Press. Eggins, H. (2014). Globalization and reform in higher education. Australia: University of Michigan. Graham, J. (2013). Global Education Reform Movement. Professional Voice, 9(3), pp. 5-47. Group of Eight Australia. (2014). Micro-economic reform of the Australian higher education industry: Implications of the Abbott Governments Budget of 13 May 2014. Available At: https://go8.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/article/edutech_presentation__4_june_2014pdf_version.pdf [Accessed On: 8th Dec. 2016] Schiller, D. and Liefner, I. (2007). Higher education funding reform and universityindustry links in developing countries: The case of Thailand. Higher Education, 54(4), pp.543-556. Smith, E. (2010). A review of twenty years of competency?based training in the Australian vocational education and training system. International journal of training and development, 14(1), pp.54-64.