Positive Behavioral Supports

Introduction Education 50 years ago was not what it is like today. Schools today are confronted with a vast amount of issues. Within those issues are student achievement, school violence, lack of parental support, and behavioral concerns within the school community and in the classrooms.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Positive Behavioral Supports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bowen (n.d.) found that various studies have shown that students who act up in school express a variety of reasons for doing so. Some think that teachers don’t care about them and others don’t want to be in school at all while many don’t consider goal setting and success in school important anymore. Despite these hurdles, students agree that discipline is needed in schools. One high school student stated: â€Å"If there were no discipline, the school would not be distinguished from the street.† Bennett (1999) states that most surveys show that Americans complain that too many schools are disorderly, undisciplined places. How much are students really learning when the main focus in our schools today is student behavior and discipline? Many different programs have been presented to schools in efforts to help alleviate some of the discipline problems found in schools and in the classrooms. PBIS (2009) states that â€Å"a major focus for current policy and systems change efforts in education is the extent to which states are investing in practices and procedures that are supported by rigorous research evidence.† Positive Behavior Support (PBS) is a research-based theory that supports the idea that a student’s behavior can be changed if a full understanding of the child is gained. Through positive interventions students are able to reduce the negative behavior and increase the more desirable one. This literature review will examine the literature related to Positive Behavior Su pport, its foundations and the advantages and disadvantages of implementing PBS.Advertising Looking for thesis on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Origins of Positive Behavior Support Positive Behavior Support is relatively new to the scene of school reform because it was mainly known as behavior modification for special education students who displayed difficult behaviors. The origins of PBS can be traced back to the theory of Applied Behavior Analysis, an expansion of the operant conditioning theory first developed by B.F. Skinner, the American psychologist. A survey performed by Frey (2006) of four hundred teachers revealed that teachers felt that operant conditioning was effective at managing behavior of both groups and individual students. Positive Behavior Support: A Three Tier Continuum It is important to express that like academic forms of instruction, students also require different levels of behavioral inte rventions and different types of support in order to do well in school. Positive Behavior Support focuses on three key levels within a continuum, according to Nelson, Hurley, Synhorst, Epstein, Stage Buckley (2009) the first tier entails â€Å"universal interventions that are expected to prevent the onset of problem behavior in a majority of children altogether and to sustain improvements in child outcomes by the selected and indicated interventions.† This level is known as universal because it delineates school-wide behavioral expectations for all students along with consistent consequences for unwanted behaviors. Level two also known as tier two is mainly for students who still continue to demonstrate problem behavior after tier one was implemented. Tier two on the continuum focuses more on small group interventions. A study done by McIntosh, Campbell, Carter, Dickey, (2009) examined the effectiveness and differential effects of a tier two daily behavior intervention. Thi s study was conducted over an eight week period and the samples were 36 students. The findings confirmed that the amount of office referrals lessened after small group and targeted interventions were established.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Positive Behavioral Supports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The final tier consists of a more personalized or individualized intervention. Lewis, Colvin, Sugai (2000) state that â€Å"approximately 5% to 7% of the students will require highly individualized behavior support.† Challenges Faced While Implementing Positive Behavior Supports Weinberger (2009) conducted a study using a mixed methodology that identified the strengths and limitations of the implementation of Positive Behavior Supports. Via surveys, case studies focus groups, and behavioral data of students. The study revealed that although student behavior did not improve, the implementation of PBS wa s successful because it was able to identify specific information needed to provide individual interventions to students. A study carried out by Guthals (2009) expressed that there is no evidence of direct correlation between student achievement and the implementation of PBS. Data pertaining to the study was collected through optional surveys completed by school principals concerned about the immense number of office referrals and discipline problems in the classrooms taking a toll on student learning. While direct correlation between what was intended to be tested, the relationship between student achievement and the implementation of PBS, the surveys conveyed that administrative stress level had decreased after the implementation of PBS. Today’s schools must address the behavioral needs of all students at a number of different levels (Mogan-D’Atrio, et al 1996). First, there must be schoolwide efforts that teach positive communication and social interaction skills, a nd develop positive school routines designed to prevent behavioral issues throughout the school day (Fishbaugh Furshong, 1998; Scott, 2001; Taylor-Greene et al., 1997). Second, in conjunction with schoolwide efforts, classroom norms and routines can be established by educators, in collaboration with their students, to create a sense of caring and community in the classroom.Advertising Looking for thesis on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Third, behavioral issues must be addressed at the individual student level for students who have more intense, ongoing behavioral challenges. Addressing issues of school safety at the individual student level takes place through the creation of positive behavior support plans (Sailor et al 2007). Advantages of Implementing Positive Behavior Supports In light of increasing frequency and intensity of disruptive behaviors in schools nationwide (Martin, Lloyd, Kauffman and Coyne, 1995), policymakers and school practitioners are increasingly considering the benefits of teaching and supporting pro-social behaviors to decrease disruptive behaviors and increase academic success. Urban schools, in particular, face challenges with limited resources and large numbers of students, many of who are living in poverty or violence-prone environments (Netzel and Eber, 2003). Traditional, and more reactionary, school discipline procedures (e.g., those that rely on punishment and exclusion) are general ly ineffective in either reducing challenging behaviors or increasing desired behavior (Mogan-D’Atrio, Northrup, LaFleur and Spera, 1996). One promising alternative, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), is a school-wide approach that promotes social competence through a system of behavioral support wherein expected behaviors are defined, taught, and rewarded. Schools implementing PBIS establish a continuum of proactive, positive discipline procedures for all students across all settings. Universal school-wide strategies are intended to facilitate success for 85-95 percent of the students (Mogan-D’Atrio, et al 1996). The National Conference of the Hamilton Fish Institute On School And Community Violence while targeted small group or individual interventions are designed for the types of students for whom universal strategies have not been successful (5-15 percent (Mogan-D’Atrio, et al 1996). Last, for the one to seven percent of students who hav e chronic and intensive needs across multiple settings, a wrap-around approach is implemented (Eber, Sugai, Smith, and Scott, 2002).Several studies have demonstrated positive effects of PBIS, with some recent research showing success in urban settings. For example, Netzel and Eber (2003) report a 22 percent reduction in suspensions after one year of universal level implementation (e.g., teaching school-wide rules and recognizing and acknowledging appropriate student behavior) in an urban elementary school. Further, Netzel and Eber report a number of encouraging outcomes during the 1st full year of school-wide PBS implementation, including a 20 percent decrease in office discipline referrals, 23 percent decrease in â€Å"time-outs,† and 57 percent decrease in short-term suspensions. Few studies, however, have demonstrated the impact of PBIS in urban settings across a number of different variables and over a number of years. Managing Disruptive Behaviors through Positive Behavi or Supports Misbehavior in K-12 schools hurts every participant. Te misbehaving student is often sequentially moved into more academically impoverished environments; other students are distracted, and teachers are forced to become disciplinarians (Sandomierski, et al 2007). Furthermore, a costly administrative infrastructure; including the very valuable and very limited time of the school principal; is monopolized to deal with discipline problems. A third grader acting up in class does not act up because s/he was born a â€Å"bad kid† (Sailor et al 2007). Most likely, s/he has not yet learned the social skills appropriate to that setting, or there is something in the classroom setting, or a learning disability, or a family issue that interferes with his or her ability to behave properly (Sandomierski, et al 2007). Unfortunately, school discipline systems focus more on punishing kids than on giving them the skills, training, and incentives to behave properly. Behavioral remedi ation, where it exists, typically takes the form of a fifteen-minute weekly visit to a school counselor. Just as if the student was trying to learn math by scheduling a fifteen-minute weekly chat with a math teacher, the system tends to fail the students (Sailor et al 2007). Research points to the benefits of systems that teach and support positive behavior, rather than simply punishing negative behavior. By adopting a positive behavior support (PBS) system, individual schools, districts, and states have dramatically reduced office referrals and suspensions, increased on-task academic time, and made students, teachers, and parents more satisfied with the school. Positive Behavior Support systems have been implemented by a large number of school districts and states, including North Carolina. Vermont is currently implementing PBS. Discipline referrals and suspensions often drop 40-60% over the first two years that the program is implemented (Sandomierski, et al 2007). Principals may save six full workdays worth often-minute visits over the course of a year. In schools with severe behavior problems, teacher satisfaction under PBS may increase by 60%, leading to a more experienced, stable staff. When a third grader misbehaves, it represents not a personal failure, but a failure of the systems around him to equip him for the setting he is in. We can stop this failure by shifting the focus to preventing misbehavior, rather than just punishing it. Providing serious behavioral support to students pays off by reducing distraction and improving academic outcomes, reducing costly referrals to special education, and letting teachers and principals do their job rather than spend all their time on discipline (Sailor et al 2007). Rather than being transferred into special education or punished to the point of dropping out, students with behavior problems are put on a path to social and academic success. Positive behavior support programs in a school may employ a three-tier model. The first tier is a low-intensity, school-wide misbehavior prevention program involving things like certificates of recognition for such pro-social behaviors as picking trash and putting it in the trash can. These programs are targeted to build the skills of the majority of students (80-85%) who have 0-1 office referrals. The second tier of students (10-15% with 2-5 office referrals) typically have significant behavior problems and require intervention, such as group sessions with school psychologists to learn appropriate behaviors, just as they would learn any other skill set in a classroom setting. Te goal of these sessions is to help them emulate their better-behaved classmates, rather than imitating those with more severe behavioral problems. Te third tier (typically 5% with 6+ office referrals) suffers from severe behavioral problems, requiring individualized interventions. Conclusion Results indicate that implementation of universal Positive Behavior Support (e.g., teac hing behavioral expectations, rewarding positive behaviors) in Year 1 and beginning targeted level intervention (targeting small groups of students with two to five behavior referrals for small group interventions) in Year 2 leads to positive changes in one of the two schools examined. Specifically, Addison School demonstrated overall decreases in ODRs, as well as decreases in the most frequent problem behavior and locations over the first 1.5 years of implementation (Sandomierski, et al 2007). These latter two are particularly noteworthy, as they exemplify the successful use of data to target problematic behaviors and contexts. Classroom referrals were specifically targeted in Year 2 through the addition of classroom management training for teachers. Problematic behaviors on the bus were specifically targeted that same year through the addition of bi-monthly bus driver training breakfasts. Teacher ratings on our surveys showed some positive changes across the two years as well, wit h teachers generally rating the existence of negative behaviors lower in Year 2, while pro-social behaviors were rated more highly, although it should be noted that only one of these differences reached statistical significance. Findings further suggest the need for full implementation of the PBS model. These schools are relatively strong in universal level implementation, but are still in the beginning stages of implementation of the targeted level, and have not yet begun intensive-level intervention. These latter two levels are important in decreasing referrals from the most chronic misbehavers, and intervention here would likely have a much greater impact on overall referrals as well as the schools’ â€Å"triangle† profiles and teacher perceptions of both student behavior and effectiveness of the intervention. This finding is consistent with teacher concerns as noted in focus groups and in survey results. Furthermore, given time needed for full implementation of the model, as well as systems-change research indicating that three to five years are necessary to implement full school change (Sandomierskiet al 2007), an evaluation of the effectiveness of such school-wide interventions should additionally allow for a minimum of three years of data. References Eber, L. Sugai, G. Smith, C. and Scott, T. M. (2002). Wraparound And Positive Behavioral Interventions And Supports In The Schools. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 136-173. Frey, S. (2006). Teachers and Operant Conditioning. Retrieved from ERIC database. Guthals, J. The Relationship Between Positive Behavior Supports, Student Achievement, Severe Problem Behavior, And Administrative Stress. Ed.D. dissertation, University of Montana, United States — Montana. Lewis, T., Colvin, G., Sugai, G. (2000). The Effects of Pre-Correction and Active Supervision on the Recess Behavior of Elementary Students. Education Treatment of Children, 23(2), 109. Retrieved from Academic Sea rch Premier database. McIntosh, K., Campbell, A., Carter, D., Dickey, C. (2009). Differential Effects of a Tier Two Behavior Intervention Based on Function of Problem Behavior. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 11(2), 82-93. OmniFile Full Text Mega database. Martin, K. F., Lloyd, J. W., Kauffman, J. M., and Coyne, M. (1995). Teachers’ Perceptions Of Educational Placement Decisions For Pupils With Emotional Or Behavioral Disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 20, 106-117. Mogan-D’Atrio, C., Northrup, J., LaFleur, L., and Spera, S. (1996). Toward Prescriptive Alternatives To Suspensions: A Preliminary Evaluation. Behavioral Disorders, 21, 190-200. Nelson, J., Hurley, K., Synhorst, L., Epstein, M., Stage, S., Buckley, J. (2009). The Child Outcomes of a Behavior Model. Exceptional Children, 76(1), 7-30. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Netzel, D. M. and Eber, L. (2003). Shifting From Reactive To Proactive Discipline In An Urban School District: A Chan ge Of Focus Through PBIS Implementation. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 5, 71-79. PBIS. March 2009. Is School-Wide Positive Behavior Support An Evidence-Based Practice? (2009). Web. Ps@?under, M. (2005). How Effective Is School Discipline in Preparing Students to Become Responsible Citizens? Slovenian Teachers’ and Students’ Views. Teaching and Teacher Education: An International Journal of Research and Studies, 21(3), 273-286. Retrieved from ERIC database. Sailor, W., Stowe, M. J., Turnbull, R., III, Kleinhammer-Tramill, P. J. (2007). A Case For Adding A Social-Behavioral Standard To Standards-Based Education With School-Wide Positive Behavior Support As Its Basis. Remedial and Special Education, 28, 366–376. Sandomierski, T., Kincaid, D., Algozzine, B. (2007). Response To Intervention And Positive Behavior Support: Brothers From Different Mothers Or Sisters With Different Misters? PBIS Newsletter 4(2). This thesis on Positive Behavioral Supports was written and submitted by user Tinley Forbes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Judicial Fairness

There are many aspects of the law that attempt to make a sure a jury or a judge is fair in handling legal matters. The Fifth and Fourteenth amendments provide that no person shall be deprived of â€Å"life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.† The procedural due process aspect of this amendment requires that government decisions to deprive a person of life, liberty or property must be done fairly. The procedural due process law gives an accused person the chance to object to his accusation before a fair and neutral decision-making body. The Sixth amendment also guarantees rights for the Muslim defendants to a jury trial and to a public trial. Through our legal history, we have created legal methods and traditions to apply these freedoms in a court of law. In our legal system, the two main sources of neutral decision makers are juries and judges. The law has a way of ensuring that these bodies are neutral and unbiased in their decision-making. While it will be impossible to gain complete neutrality, the law provides mechanisms within which fairness can be maximized. The process of voir dire attempts to minimize the bias a jury can have. Voir dire is the process of jury selection, which takes place before a trial can begin. In this process the attorneys for the defendant and plaintiff ask a group of potential jurors questions to determine whether that jury member has any bias towards his or her client. In the context of Muslim and Arab-Americans, the attorney for the defendant can probe the prospective jurors on his or her sentiments towards Muslims and determine whether his or her feeling would bring a bias into her decision making process. If the attorney for a Muslim or Arab-American defendant instinctively feels that a juror is biased, the attorney is afforded by the legal system the peremptorily challenge. With a peremptorily challenge, an attorney can ask that a potential juror not be sworn in without pr... Free Essays on Judicial Fairness Free Essays on Judicial Fairness There are many aspects of the law that attempt to make a sure a jury or a judge is fair in handling legal matters. The Fifth and Fourteenth amendments provide that no person shall be deprived of â€Å"life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.† The procedural due process aspect of this amendment requires that government decisions to deprive a person of life, liberty or property must be done fairly. The procedural due process law gives an accused person the chance to object to his accusation before a fair and neutral decision-making body. The Sixth amendment also guarantees rights for the Muslim defendants to a jury trial and to a public trial. Through our legal history, we have created legal methods and traditions to apply these freedoms in a court of law. In our legal system, the two main sources of neutral decision makers are juries and judges. The law has a way of ensuring that these bodies are neutral and unbiased in their decision-making. While it will be impossible to gain complete neutrality, the law provides mechanisms within which fairness can be maximized. The process of voir dire attempts to minimize the bias a jury can have. Voir dire is the process of jury selection, which takes place before a trial can begin. In this process the attorneys for the defendant and plaintiff ask a group of potential jurors questions to determine whether that jury member has any bias towards his or her client. In the context of Muslim and Arab-Americans, the attorney for the defendant can probe the prospective jurors on his or her sentiments towards Muslims and determine whether his or her feeling would bring a bias into her decision making process. If the attorney for a Muslim or Arab-American defendant instinctively feels that a juror is biased, the attorney is afforded by the legal system the peremptorily challenge. With a peremptorily challenge, an attorney can ask that a potential juror not be sworn in without pr...

Africas Slow Growth And Development Politics Essay

Africas Slow Growth And Development Politics Essay This paper examines the causes of slow growth and development of Africa with emphasis on some selected countries. The paper argued on the basis of Madison’s (1995:65) estimates of per capital Gross Domestic Profit (GDP) for a sample of countries that, during the first half of the century, Africa had grown considerably more rapidly than Asia. By 1950, the African sample had overtaken the Asian sample. In the 1960s, Africa’s future looked bright, especially that the continent was gradually disengaging from the bondage of colonial imperialism. But today, Africa is the poorest continent in the world. While there has been a steady growth in countries of Asia, such as Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan, African states have lagged behind. Why is African development growing slowly? What went wrong in Africa? How can these problems be solved? This paper attempts to provide answers to some of the fundamental issues that have bedeviled the continent in the 21st century. In order to assess the level of growth and development in the continent, the concepts of ‘growth and development’ is critically examined within the confines of Africa in the paper. The paper attributed the slow growth and development of Africa to ‘Internal influences and external dimensions’. At the same time, the paper provides some plausible suggestions that would serve as a panacea to the problems militating against the growth and development of Africa. Introduction From what direction should one view the slow growth and development of Africa: is it from the perspective of bad leadership couple with wide spread corruption? Or is it that of policy failure, or geographic and demographic factors? Africa as well as the rest of the world is battling with this provocative question: Why does Africa continue to lag behind the rest of the world in terms of social and economic development? Mathew Paris writing in Times August (2002), believes the answer to the co ntinent’s development problem lies in four simple words: †swagger, Indolence, self indulgence and hot air †he points out †failure of leadership, the individual means that what is created or started is not maintained. Further more, it has also been argued that after 1960, particularly when majority of the countries in the continent gained political freedom, the potential of governments were not responsive to the people’s needs, aspirations and wishes, Mathew Parris (2002). The dream were shattered due to bad leadership, corruption, wars, poverty and eventually, economic underdevelopment. Could this entire unfortunate phenomenon be considered as factors militating against the growth and development of Africa? In terms of structure and for the purpose of understanding and clarity of the main thrust of this article, we have divided the paper into four parts. The first part focuses on the interpretation and application of the terms ‘growth and develo pment’ as concepts of analysis. It is necessary to understand that the two concepts were used based on what the paper takes them to be. Perhaps the greatest weakness in the literature of social sciences is striking lack of precision with which terms are used and under the conditions they are studied. However, a clear distinction between growth and development is explained in this part. The second part discusses African perspective. The rich complex of minerals, ecological hung provided by the continent, the continent’s archeological sites and the richness of African culture and its contribution to global community is captured in the first part. The third part investigates the causes of the slow growth and development in Africa. On this part different explanations were presented to justify the strength of points on the topic under review. However, few examples of some selected countries were cited. The fourth part poses a fundamental question: whether or not Africa will ever grow and develop? Perhaps, this is the greatest challenge to African leaders in the 21st century whose time has come. While the final section concentrates on the concluding remarks. This part provides some plausible suggestions that would change the predicaments in Africa, at least if not all, some parts of it.

Lab report paraphrase Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paraphrase - Lab Report Example In addition to that, the same outputs must conclude in each of the NAND and BOR circuits. The properties were tested at the time of functional simulation, and proven during the hardware testing when the light on the FPGA board was programmed to turn on given there was an output of 1. The timing delay was also tested through the timing simulation. The outcome of the waveform was that it worked successfully the way it was supposed to. The design of the three circuits was made as an RTL schematic and each of the circuits had specific settings as it’s shown in figure 1.1. The second step was to transfer the three circuit’s design through USB to the FPGA for them to be tested as to whether they work properly or not. For Y1, Y2, and Y3 (as shown in Figure 1.2), 16 possibility variables were included. The graph as represented in Figure 1.3 is called the functional simulation. The functional simulation graph reveals the output results of the given variables of the functions. This simulation occurs in such a way that bumps in the graph represents the function when it equates to 1, while the straight lines represents the function when it equates to 0. Inclusively, the graph proves the assertion that NAND and BOR circuits have the same outcome (i.e. Give the same output). As shown in Figure 1.4, the function variables are represented in a timely interval and there variations with time. As a result the representation information that is accrued from the circuit can be obtained accordingly within the graph. Following the same logic as per the functional simulation, the bumps in the graph represents the function when it equates to 1, while the straight lines represents the function when it equates to 0. Of importance to note is that the graph also reveals propagation delay that occurs each time variables go through the logic gates in the timing simulation. By thoroughly following the steps as in the lab manual provided, the three

The analysis of art in history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The analysis of art in history - Essay Example The phenomenon is pretty well universal on pots: black frequently appears at the points where a need for strengthening on an analogous metal vessel might be expected. Although the practice of using black and red in what critics might describe as structural contexts was carried over into red-lines, it did not survive long there. It occurs on some of the earliest pottery, but its use on vessels made in this technique tends to be confined to lettering and subsidiary features such as streaks of blood, urine, black eyes, or cocks' combs. We might suppose that these were added in copper to silver vessels decorated in 'gold-figure'. The use of copper on vessels which had a substantial bronze component would not have affected their value, whereas its use on vessels made of precious metal had to be restrained (as it was, judging by their ceramic counterparts); for to over-use it would have been tantamount to advertising the fact that their value was not equal to their weight; the ancients (Pa pathanasopoulos 54). Another object selected for analysis is Three Mycenaean Terracotta One-Handled Cups. These cups dated back a. 1400-1300 BC. They belong to Mycenaean culture and represents a traditional type of pottery used by the civilization. The interrelationships of form and color in pottery had a long tradition behind them. They were, however, part of a continuum which can be observed over centuries, and certainly beyond the Roman period. The 'essential unity' of the most common kind of fine pottery, the tableware that is 'generally red in color and with a fine clay coating known variously as a glaze. In reality, while technical details of the potter's craft may well have passed from one centre to another, the vessels that were made will usually have evoked the plate made locally for rich households or sanctuaries. Gold- and silversmiths' designs, moulds, and plaster casts probably played a major role. The use of red on pots was probably but a gesture in the direction of gold, for the vessels i n question would never have appeared side-by-side in a context where close comparisons could be made. In the case of Mycenaean pottery, fine red tableware will probably have been made for people who had only heard about gold vessels, or who only saw them from a distance at festivals (Mycenaean 20-21). In contrast to the Cycladic Terracotta, red colors reveal in the cups. The characteristic forms of pottery after Alexander's conquests were rather different from those that had existed before. The mould-made, handle-less bowls decorated in relief that became the norm, doubtless reflected Near Eastern dining practices. The characteristic color of local mould-made pottery continued to be black: one category of bowls 'are covered with the black glaze familiar from Attic pottery of earlier periods (Mycenaean 21). The main difference is unique ornament and geometric figures in pottery: there are geometric ornaments on the jug. The cups are ornamented with geometric ornaments and circles. These ornaments represent unique cultural meaning of each civilization and their perception of the world around them. The pottery did not play a sacred role but is found in boreal places. Both examples allow to say that economic aspect

Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument Essay Example for Free

Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument Essay The organization I last worked with is an IT/ITES company, which is one of the fastest growing fortune 500 companies. The organization has a balanced out structure however there is a little dominance towards ‘The Market’. As per my experience I can say that the reason for this is that the organization is relatively young and striving to compete with the best in the industry. This requires leaders to be competitive and to an extent demanding. Also the employees are dedicated towards the company’s vision and hence strive to achieve the goals and targets set for them. Culture – Strong. People are focused on innovating and brainstorming towards ideas that the management can implement and improve their processes. The company is people oriented which in turn creates a high commitment level from the employees. The organization has leaders who are efficient and ensure smooth running of the company. The company is sensitive towards the clients and customers and goes an extra mile to deliver better than the expectations. This is the reason for them to be able to retain customers and get new businesses. Another fact that I am aware of is that the organization has not till date fired any employee unless in extreme ethical sensitive issues. An example of people being valued and everyone considered equal is that when I joined the company as a fresher some of my friends who ad joined along with me sent a mail to the CEO regarding a certain issue and got a reply from him with the action that would be taken. Since mostly the organizational structure is balanced out there is not much discrepancy. I would however like the company reduce its dominance in the Market style and according to me that will happen with time. Yes there is a cultural congruence and that is mainly because the company’s culture was same as my expectation.

Wedding Traditions Across Different Cultures Essay -- Weddings Marriag

Wedding Traditions Across Different Cultures When it comes to planning a wedding, people have to worry not only about food, flowers, and what they wear, they also have to honor many traditions, even if they don't understand their origins or meanings. However, to not follow these traditions, understood or not, might mean bad luck for the marriage or, at the very least, disgruntled wedding guests. Every culture cherishes its own marriage traditions and superstitions. Many are not understood but are still seriously followed because 'it's always been done that way'; (Kendrick). Even people not normally superstitious wouldn't think of violating these traditions. Many traditions originated from old rhymes, folktales or tribal traditions whose origins are lost in time. For example, one of the original meanings of the word 'wedding'; was to gamble or wager. This comes from the time when a bride price was required before marriage. This bride price could include land, social status, political alliances or money. Thus, the 'Anglo-Saxon word 'wedd' meant that the groom would vow to marry the woman, but it also referred to the bride price (money or barter) to be paid by the groom to the bride's father'; (Kendrick). There are equally surprising origins for such traditions as the ring finger, wedding ring, engagement ring (and its diamond), and wedding cake. For example, the finger used as the ring finger differs from culture to culture. In Greece during the third century the index finger was used. In India they used the thumb. The 'modern'; ring finger started being used in the fourth century when the Greeks originated the belief that the third finger was connected to the heart by the 'vena amoris,'; or the vein of love. (Kendrick). Use of a wedding ring can be traced back to Roman times, and even back then it was made of gold. Roman rings were often decorated with a carving of two hands to symbolize two people journeying through life together as one. Early women's rings also had keys carved in them, symbolizing that women were able to unlock the hearts of their husbands. It was 'Pope Nicholas I [in 860 AD, who first] decreed an engagement ring become a required statement of nuptial intent,'; (Kendrick). He insisted that this ring also be ma... ...untie these knots (Kendrick). The honeymoon is considered a time for the new couple to escape all of the pre- wedding stresses and just enjoy relaxing with each other before the pressures of married life set in. Karl says the 'moon'; part of the honeymoon was because customarily the bride and groom would go away for a whole month, or from full moon to full moon (132). A honey-flavored wine was frequently enjoyed on the getaway. 'Honey was the ancient symbol of life, health, and fertility,'; (Karl132). The two words eventually were combined to denote the honeymoon we know today. Wedding cakes and diamond rings, white gowns and garters, veils and ring fingers. These and other traditions of the modern wedding all have their origins in beliefs and superstitions that are centuries old. Planning a modern wedding can be a hectic, nerve wracking experience, and the chaos can often blind the young couple to the true meaning of the ceremony they are about to share. Perhaps if a modern couple took the time to understand some of the ceremony's customs and traditions their wedding day would have even greater meaning for them.

Current Economic Development of Oil Exporting Countries

Current economic development of oil exporting countries. (by the example of Saudi Arabia) Introduction3 OPEC and oil prices. 4 History4 Common development problems of OPEC member countries6 Saudi Arabia8 History8 Economic development9 Main goals9 Role of the government10 New industry sectors10 Private sector11 Foreign labor11 Social and politic structure12 Conclusion14 Literature15 Introduction. The subject of this research is the economy and society of the oil-exporting countries while the topic can be described as current economic development of the oil-exporting countries and their prospects. As the best example we have chosen Saudi Arabia. The oil-exporting countries are important players on the world market. They can set up oil prices reducing or increasing extraction rates, and mostly this is the only way they get money for their budgets, oil deposits have great influence on their economy. That’s what is called Dutch disease and what their biggest problem is. Some measures in many fields should be taken to get rid of this disease, to change economic and social structure, to make a shift to new phase in their development. This statement constitutes the thesis of this term-paper. The general purpose of this research is to find common stages and common problems of oil-exporting countries development, try to explain them and suggest some solutions. The goals can be determined as the following: 1. To look at the OPEC, its history and common problems of the Member Countries; to follow the interconnectedness between oil price and prosperity of the oil-exporters. 2. To consider brief history of Saudi Arabia for better understanding of that country. . To estimate the role of the government, private sector, new industry sectors, foreign labor and social and politic structure in economic development; to show current situation and topical problems in all these spheres. 4. In conclusion try to forecast the possible ways of further development. This term-paper can be used for further research in this sphere. OPEC and oil prices. Today oil is natural resource that has great influence on the development of oil-produ cing countries like Russia or the OPEC countries. If a country exports huge amount of oil its price determines budget of the country, political situation, prices for a wide range of goods. It's so because oil isn't just raw material for gasoline production, also for plastics, construction materials and so on. Many oil-exporting countries can set up oil prices reducing or increasing extraction rates, and in the same time no one in the modern world can live without gasoline or electricity. So, we can say that oil is a race in which the main targets are power and money, huge sum of money. But sometimes oil exporters go to the extremities – their budgets depend only on oil prices, in fact this field is a real money spinner. That's how the Dutch disease begins. A good example could be the OPEC countries. OPEC has the biggest oil deposits in the world (almost 80%) and they play a crucial role in oil pricing. This organization controls extraction rates (what leads to controlling of oil prices), foreign policy and strategy of Member Countries. That's why we'd like to consider OPEC itself, its history and common problems. History. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a cartel of 12 countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. The organization has maintained its headquarters in Vienna since 1965, and hosts regular meetings among the oil ministers of its Member Countries. T he OPEC Member countries came together to form this international organization with several aims. Some of the aims are: †¢To protect the interest of the member countries. To make sure that the price of petroleum products do not change much. †¢To make certain a regular supply of petroleum oil to other countries. †¢To make sure that member countries get suitable income from sale of oil products. †¢To decide policies to follow relating to production and sale of petroleum oil. However, OPEC has not always been able to achieve all these aims. Venezuela was the first country to move towards the establishment of OPEC by approaching Iran, Gabon, Libya, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in 1949, suggesting regular and closer communication among oil-producing countries. It was a topical question because all oil-exporting countries were exploited by such corporations as British Petroleum, Chevron, Exxon, Gulf, Mobil, Royal Dutch, Shell and Texaco, which controlled crude oil refining worldwide. These corporations organized a cartel and reduced procurement prices. Initially the OPEC wasn't taken into account. Europe and the U. S. didn't believe than Arabic governments could find a compromise and reduce extraction rates. Honestly speaking first 10 years wasn't very successful for OPEC. But in the 1970-s with help of 1973 oil crisis, Arab-Israeli conflict and second crisis in 1979 OPEC transformed into important political and economic force. By the way being part of OPEC is a huge responsibility. High oil prices are the consequence of low extraction rate. But if one country in pursuit of higher incomes tries to sell a little bit more than its quota is, then price goes down even for those countries that did everything right. Nowadays oil prices are still high in comparison with 1990-s (when normal price per barrel was 22-28 dollars), but since June 2008 they have dramatically fallen, as it is shown on the graph below. The war in Iraq and increasing demand in Asian-Pacific Region, especially in India and China that are consuming large amount of fuel, can be named as a reason for such growth. Anyway the OPEC countries still have their problems and many of them are much the same because of cultural, historical, governmental and economical similarity, some countries almost overcame them and others didn't. Most illustrative will be the example of Saudi Arabia as the country having the biggest oil deposits in the world. Common development problems of OPEC member countries. Below is the list of the typical problems which OPEC countries usually face. Not long ago Arabic countries were under the reign of the USA and Europe, which exploited their resources leaving countries themselves underdeveloped. In the end of XX century everything changed. Briefly the scheme of their development could be described this way: 1. Dependence on western countries. 2. 1970-s crises. Inflow of petrodollars. 3. Euphoria, thoughtless investments and projects. 4. Attempt to create a new type of social structure. 5. Admitting mistakes, appearing of new aims like development of different industry sectors, not only oil-extracting. All these periods have their common difficulties. Firstly, Arabic countries fell behind all developed countries and because of their cultural specialty weren’t ready to radical innovations which were so needed. Women are still not interested in education; almost 50% of them are illiterate. By the way it is one of the crucial problems in such countries – the lack of educated people, especially with higher technical education, consequently appears deficit of well qualified workers on the plants and other enterprises. Employees were absolutely not ready to start working on advanced equipment. That's way many executive positions are occupied by foreign specialist, what isn't very good option for the country. Second main problem is the Dutch disease – too strong dependence on one industry sector. Budget, living standards, national projects – all these depends only on oil prices, which are not always foreseeable and controllable. For example too warm winter reduces consumption of fuel, what reduces oil demand and consequently oil price. Many other factors have the same influence, and all of them hit oil-exporters, making them too vulnerable. In Saudi Arabia 85% of budget are petrodollars, so it's clear how important for them oil price fluctuations are. And the last important problem is that government not always can make reasonable investments. Arabic sheikhs started huge constructions and projects â€Å"to the glory of the country† which were usually unprofitable. Only later this wish to spend money became weaker and investments – more useful. Actually, these are main difficulties of OPEC countries. In every oil-exporting country governments more or less successfully tried to find proper solutions to these problems. Saudi Arabia. History. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an Arab monarchical state. It is bordered by Jordan on the northwest, Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 27. 6 million, and its size is approximately 2,150,000 square kilometers. Today it is one of the few fastest growing countries in the world with a high per capita income of $20,700 Some figures: Population: 27,601,038 (0. 3% of world population) Density: 11/km2 Urban population: 80% GDP (2007): $555,055 billion Oil resources: 261. 2 billion barrels, 26% of world oil resources (amount that is enough for 86 years of consumption) Extraction rate: 8 million barrels per day. Among Arabic countries Saudi Arabia is the richest, because its oil deposits are the biggest, like its OPEC quota. Country itself isn't very big, but population is growing. Literacy rate is very low – only 63% and it is very serious problem, as was said earlier. Economic development. As it was mentioned, economy of Saudi Arabia depends on oil market and it's impossible to analyze it without taking into account oil industry. Because of oil export and money inflow this country made visible leap in development and today some indexes are just like in Europe or in the U. S. Society is developing too, leaving behind prejudices. Main goals. There are three main goals for the state: 1. GDP growth 2. Diversification of national economy. 3. Development of human resources. These goals were set 30 years ago and still being a topical question. But a lot of efforts were put to reach these goals. For example in 1970 GDP was 22. 9 billion riyals and in 1982 already 524. 7 billion. A diversification is also present. The role of oil sector is reducing. Processing industry was established, and there are a lot of financing projects. What is not less important, financial sector has appeared. But anyway, as of 2007, non-oil manufacturing contributed 10% to Saudi Arabian GDP and less than 6% of total employment. But development of human resources is falling behind. Actually the problem of lacking qualified labor force was solved by inviting foreign specialists. Role of the government. Initially the most profitable oil deposits were exploited by western companies, but today the biggest oil producing company – ARAMCO – was nationalized and oil policy was reviewed. Now extraction rates became smaller and deposits were used in more rational way. Today more than 95% of all Saudi oil is produced on behalf of the Saudi Government by the ARAMCO. In June 1993, ARAMCO absorbed the state marketing and refining company (SAMAREC), becoming the worlds largest fully integrated oil company. But the second problem was how to spend money. Governors were wrong hoping that petrodollars inflow will last forever. Money was invested in useless projects, and some spending was just uncontrolled. It all led to overheated economy. Also there was an effort to copy western system of production, but it also wasn't successful. All these things were a reason to work out a new plan of economic development, attracting more private capital and making more reasonable investments. In the last few years there is a privatization tendency in Saudi economy, of course except ARAMCO. Also government supports oil industry, giving money for development of the new deposits. New industry sectors. In the world Saudi Arabia plays the role of crude oil exporter, and it isn't the best position on the world market. That's why they are trying to find new profitable spheres. And one of them could be petrochemistry. This field grows every year and today Saudi Arabia is the main manurial supplier on the Middle East. Of course today it's impossible to cure the Dutch disease, but maybe someday oil exporting countries will not depend so much on oil prices. Private sector. In 70-80-s government created good conditions for private sector. Such things like transfers, legislative support, special banks and funds were aimed at supporting this sector of economy. Powerful oil industry till now is a good base for economic development. The government is still attempting to promote growth in the private sector by privatizing industries such as power and telecom. Saudi Arabia announced plans to begin privatizing the electricity companies in 1999, which followed the ongoing privatization of the telecommunications company. Shortages of water and rapid population growth may constrain government efforts to increase self-sufficiency in agricultural products. But this governmental support has the second side – private enterprises are still hoping on help and transfers from government and western partners. Without such support it's more profitable to invest money abroad. And that's the problem. But anyway private sector is growing and private capital goes to high-tech development and research. Foreign labor. As was said, there is a lack of well educated specialists on the plants. The government tries to promote so called Saudization – national policy to encourage employment of Saudi nationals in the private sector instead of workers from South and Southeast Asia. Despite these efforts, the country draws a significant portion of its labor force from foreign countries, especially from South and Southeast Asia (notably India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, the Philippines, Nepal, and Sri Lanka), East Asia, East Africa and from other Middle Eastern countries. There are also some people from North America, South America, and Europe. Hundreds of thousands of low-skilled workers and skilled workers from regions of the developing world migrate to Saudi Arabia, sometimes only for a short period of time, to work. Although exact figures are not known, skilled experts in the banking and services professions seek work in the Kingdom. Social and politic structure. An Arabic country always remains an Arabic country with its own culture, social and politic structure. Saudi Arabian culture mainly revolves around the religion of Islam. Islam's two holiest sites, Mecca and Medina, are located in the country. Also it shouldn't be forgotten that it is the monarchical state. All it leaved an imprint on people and their set of mind. Although huge sums of money were spent on health care and educational programs, the social structure didn't change a lot. It is still important to which family or place you belong; ruling establishment stayed the same, just like the attitude to women. Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world where women are banned from driving on public roads. Women may drive off-road and in private housing compounds, that can be very huge. Their attempts to change something usually lead to nothing. Several international human rights organizations, such as Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the United Nations Human Rights Committee have issued reports criticizing the Saudi legal system and human rights violation in various political, legal, and social areas, especially severe limitations on the women rights. The Saudi government typically dismisses such reports as being outright lies or asserts that its actions are based on its adherence to Islamic law. Political structure also is very traditional – the monarch makes all decisions and any attempts to loosen his power, like advisory board, have failed. There is no freedom of speech and no political opposition, although there are a lot o people abroad who criticize such policy. So, development of Saudi Arabia is very controversial. On the one hand, financial and oil-producing sectors are growing in high gear. On the other hand people's set of mind didn't change and with this excess baggage it's impossible to move forward. Other controversial thing: government wants to keep Islamic values, but in the same time educational system is an exact copy of the American one, and American talk-shows and cartoons are demonstrated on the national television. There is an opinion that all it happened because of too fast growth. The society wasn't ready for petrodollars and all these goods which it gets. That's why people have very vague ideas of what they need today or in the future – new way of life or traditions and Islamic values. Conclusion. To sum it all up, we'd like concern possible future of oil-exporting ountries. In a foreseeable future it is impossible to find alternative energy sources which could fully substitute oil and gas. World demand will grow and there are only four countries which can increase extracting rates. These are: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Nigeria and Gabon. It means that political and economic power of OPEC will grow. But also it's obvious that raw materials like crude oil are cheaper than processed goods like gasoline. That's why huge sums of money must be invested in the development of oil refineries and it's a very important long term investment. By the way this developing process must involve not only industries but also people themselves, because a state can change only after its citizens. Anyway, dependence on oil prices is very unreliable and undesirable, like any dependence, even if it helps to finance social projects. Current economic crisis has shown that. Governments of oil exporting countries must find a compromise between this Dutch disease with massive capital inflows and healthy but maybe not so rich economy.

Lasik opened my eyes

LASIK is the abbreviated term for Laser Assisted in-situ Keratomileusis. This technology is a type of refractive laser eye surgery done by ophthalmologist. LASIK provides cure for astigmatism, myopia and hyperopia. The procedure in conducting LASIK alternates photorefractive keratectomy/PRK since it requires minimal time for the patients recovery and less pain. In 1950, Jose Barraquer developed microkeratome. This was used to cut thin flaps in the cornea and changes its shape (keratomileusis). Barraquer also added in his findings how much of the cornea left unchanged to provide a stable result of the operation. In my personal view, this helped people with occurring malfunctions in their sight. In 1970’s-80’s, Svyatoslav Fyodorov and Theo Seiler developed Radial Keratectomy and Photo Refractive Keratomileus, respectively. The developments in more technical and procedural part of treating differences in the sight helped to cure other malfunctions found in the eye. In 1968, the scientists at the Northrup Corporation Research and Technology Center developed the Excimer laser. This development in eye surgery was the pillar in the advancement to LASIK. Through the developments and advances made by several scientists in the field of ophthalmology, LASIK was developed. In 1990, Buratto and Pallokaris introduced keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. Combining the two techniques, ophthalogists find greater precision and less complication in eye surgery. In addition, limitations of excimer lasers were resolved through LASIK (LASIK surgery, 2007). LASIK cure refractive errors, improve vision, and eliminate the used of eye glasses/contact lenses. Blurred vision is not actually a problem since the technology of LASIK is available. Although the operation cost huge amount of money, nothing would price good vision. There are also risks in LASIK. Although the technology guarantees better results and effective eye resolution, complications sometimes come up. Equipment malfunctions, infections and wrong prescription would results to total lost of vision. This rarely happened when the patient apply for a non-licensed surgeon. LASIK as of today are classified into different types of laser ablations including conventional LASIK wavefront-optimized treatments, and wavefront-guided treatments. Conventional LASIK follows an ablation pattern of eye surgery. The surgery is based upon the patient’s glasses prescription. In most patients, this type of operation is effective but surgical errors could cause visual aberrations (Randleman and Payne, 2007). The advancement in modern science offers easier living for most of the people. LASIK provides fast, accurate and painless eye surgery for patients with refractive errors. Most probably in the future, the current procedure of eye surgery would continuously advance. Protocols may be different and will treat other errors in the eye. The laser technology used today may be used in other fields of science. With the help of LASIK eye surgery, I was able to obtain clear vision. Before, I’m having difficulties reading from far distances and I need first to wear my glasses. My glasses were thick and I was ashamed in the public wearing it. Until today, I can now read without my glasses anymore. References Randleman, J. and J. Payne. (2007). LASIK Eye Surgery. LASIK Eye Surgery Index. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from www.medicinenet.com. (2007). LASIK Surgery. The LASIK Directory. Retrieved December 3, 2007 from www.the-lasik-directory.com. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  

Brain Food or Plain Food Essay Example

Brain Food or Plain Food Essay Example Brain Food or Plain Food Essay Brain Food or Plain Food Essay Brain Food or Plain Food Being a college student may not be what it is all cracked up to be in the cinema. Juggling things such as working multiple part time Jobs, meeting classwork deadlines, and various other responsibilities creates psychological and sometimes physical stress, ultimately tending to get in the way of ones nutritional needs. When one does come to see that they have been neglecting their body of nutritional needs, they are faced with an ultimatum. The choice to be made is whether to give in to the cheap, and hunger satisfying but inadequate nourishment or to spend a little more for some roper nourishment that your body surely needs. In Philosophy Professor Kwame Anthony Appiahs essays Making Conversation and The Primacy of Practice, the author states the term cosmopolitanism to describe an ability to connect with and accept others on a multicultural level through creating conversation both locally and on the global scale, creating a deeply interconnected world. In Journalism Professor Michael Pollans essay The Animals: Practicing Complexity, Pollan gives a detailed visual description of Polyface Farm that ultimately exposes a larger and more ultifaceted ecological and economic system, while also discussing feedback systems and food supply chains. In a study by John Todorovich, thirty four college freshmen were enrolled in a new student orientation course taught by graduate nutrition sstudents. The course consisted of five one hour focus groups where the sstudents were taught valuable nutrition information while their reactions and the effectiveness of the course was simultaneously measured. A conversation between sstudents and faculty alike here at Florida Atlantic University on the topic of how to eat better and how to bring more nutritional foods to the campus needs to be had. Educating everyone on campus about what one should be eating to be healthy and live an active lifestyle and what the many benefits of eating correctly are will transform this habit of eating better into a domino effect, passing on the habit to others, creating a complex system. For starters, the food and drink options to one at Florida Atlantic University are anything but ideal for the health conscious person. The Food Court alone is packed full of unhealthy yet apealing options such as Wendys, Pizza Hut, Chinese food and Quiznos. Aside from the food court, there are also several coffee shops offering astries and small hut-like stands offering energy drinks and candy bars for those on the go. For the sstudents that reside on the campus, as well as any others who decide pay the absurd fee, can eat in the dining hall which offers more nutritional food options, as well as the food being freshly made. In order for sstudents to perform well in class, the body needs certain nutrients, which the current dining options on campus to not provide conveniently or economically. Relations are what matter most, and the health of the cultivated turns on the health of the wild (Pollan 292). This uote derived from Michael Pollans essay on Polyface farms illustrates that the Junk food people in todays society are ingesting is not only negatively affecting ones own health and those around them, but the animals we are ingesting as well. Pollan displays how everything eventually in one way or another ends up in a cycle. So if we are Duylng Incre01Dly cneap processed poorly. 000, our livestock Is eatlng even more Moreover, the sooner the change in the food available on campus, the better. Currently, I am taking a nutrition class at FAU, and as my professor was speaking of hat a balanced diet consists of, I came to the realization that many of the nutrients mentioned I would not be able to find on campus at all. Essentially, the human body needs certain vitamins and nutrients that fast food Just simply does not offer to us. There are many components to having a nutritional diet. The first component includes three serving of dairy such as cheese and milk. The second component is foods such as oatmeal and brown rice, neither of which can be found in the Food Court on campus. The third component of a nutritious diet is four servings of fruits and vegetables, which can be pricy to obtain on campus. The fourth and perhaps most important dietary component is protein such as lean chicken and lean turkey, as well as tofu, a vegetarian alternative which I have yet to see to see on campus. Other colleges have already made this leap of enhancing the nutritional value of the food offered on campus. For example, some colleges are implementing salad bars. What can also speed us the process of this change while simultaneously educating sstudents of how to eat better. This change can be by creating more nutrition courses at school and offering free literature on how to make healthier food choices on campus. Currently, the only food and nutrition class offered at Florida Atlantic University is once a week on Mondays from seven to ten at night. The benefits of offering healthier choices at Florida Atlantic University are significant. In order for the brain to function properly and to its full capacity, proper nutrients are needed. Loss of energy and focus are two factors that cause sstudents to purchase pricy and potentially harmful energy drinks and supplements. Eating a proper and healthy diet can avoid this need altogether. Those sstudents who eat right tend to perform exceptionally better in their courses. Receiving sustained energy that asts for hours by the food one eats is a much better alternative than sugary energy drinks that result in one crashing after a period of high energy. As well as increased energy, a benefit of eating healthy is preventing harmful diseases. Heart disease is at an all-time high in the United States, as well as many cancers that have been found to be prevented by nutritional mearns. Obesity in America is also a major concern, with roughly thirty five ppercent of adults being obese. A Correspondingly, by adding more nutritious food options to the University campus, the health of sstudents is not the only variable affected. These sstudents may go on to learn dietary information that they can then go on to share with their families and friends. Eating habits are also primarily learned in adolescence, so with proper nutrition being implemented to college sstudents now, theyre learned exceptional eating habits can be carried on tthroughout their lifetime. It was all of a biological piece, the trees and the grasses and the animals, the wild and the domestic, all part of a single ecological system (Pollan 292. ) In this quote, Pollan describes Polyface Farm as a whole ecological coordination, in which one variable of the farm could not e affected without affecting another variable. The FAU campus can be thought of ssimilarly, spicing up the dining locations on campus to provide healthy foods will cause a chain like reaction, causing sstudents to do better in classes and have more energy to get tasks completed ana partlclpate In campus actlvltles. A001ng nealtnler foods as opposed to fast food will also reinforce fast food companies to expand their menus to include healthier options, and improve some of their existing menu choices. In Kwame Appiahs essay, a message is implemented that a change or movement can be brought on by a single person, making conversation with peers. This message relates to the nutritional food choice movement I would like to entice my peers in. Word of mouth is the initial step to creating a movement with much potential. Earlier in my paper I noted how poor the actual education of valuable nutrition information is on the college campus. A Journal table 1 I found through the Florida Atlantic University Library website displays information on an observation of college freshman willingness to learn nutritional information. John Todorovich and his colleagues created a nutrition course module program for incoming college sstudents with poor eating habits. Following the nutrition course, five major themes emerged showing how useful the course was after all. The first theme Todorovich noted was the acquisition of knowledge on topics like portion sizes, different food groups, how to choose healthier snack items, and how to prepare small yet healthy meals for oneself. The study indicated that mostly all sstudents involved learned a significant amount of nutrition information. The second theme of the study was the behavior change of the sstudents involved. Most sstudents vowed to change their poor eating habits, except for a handful of stubborn male sstudents who stated they would be eluctant to change their eating habits unless is was absolutely necessary. On the brighter side, the vast majority of sstudents agreed to start preparing more healthy meals for themselves as opposed to fast food, and to eliminate soft drinks like soda from their diet. In the third theme of the study, it was found that the informal and wittiness of the college graduate nutrition sstudents added to the effectiveness of the course. The sstudents liked being able to relate to the nutritional battles that instructors went through. The final theme of the study is the effective aspects that helped the sstudents learn this information. Because most of the sstudents lacked proper measuring devices in their dorms, portion equivalents like a baseball or deck of cards were used to indicate proper portion size. In addition, the sstudents were also shown food models and played interactive nutrition games quizzing what they have learned. With all things considered, the health of college sstudents at Florida Atlantic University and likely the majority of college sstudents abroad are at risk. For many college sstudents, after being cooked for while at home, it can be tricky and nearly impossible to resist the wide selection of unhealthy food options. Some sstudents actually become overwhelmed with all of the fast food options, and resort to buying food from multiple places. A combined effort from both faculty and sstudents will be needed in order to successfully alter the diet FAU has to offer. To be a prosperous college student, maintaining a healthy body and mind is crucial. Maintaining a healthy body weight, strengthening your immune system, increased mental alertness, and a general feel good sensation tthroughout the body can be achieved by simply eating healthy foods. Im using the word conversation not only for literal talk but also s a metaphor for engagement with the experience and the ideas of others (Appiah In tnls quote aerlvea Trom l ne Prlmacy 0T Practlce, Applan empnaslzes tnat conversation is not limited to conversing with a friend, but can also be thought of as starting a movement or implementing an idea in the thoughts of others.

Explain how far the New York Courts have extended the case Brady v Research Paper

Explain how far the New York Courts have extended the case Brady v. Maryland and its requirement for a prosecutor to turn over exculpatory evidence to the defense - Research Paper Example The prosecution allowed this but hid the statement in which the companion admits to the actual killing. The petitioner did not notice that statement was missing until after his sentence. After the denial to receive evidence by the prosecution issues of oppression rose that the prosecutor denied the petitioner right to the due process of law. The Maryland court of appeal remanded the case requesting for a new trial, a new trial however was only for the question of punishment This case involved both Brady and Boblit; both found guilty of first-degree murder. In the trials the petitioner( Brady), when the prosecution denied him the evidence in which Boblit admitted to the actual killing he appealed to the Maryland court of appeal which requested foe the new trial. The basis for this trial was the question of punishment, the question of punishment in Brady and Boblits case was a murder committed in an incidence of robbery. The punishment to the crime of murder in Maryland was death or life imprisonment This case brought rise to the Bradys rule, which represents a limited departure from the existing pure adversary model. This is due to the fact that the prosecutor role transcends to that of the adversary. During the litigation of the Bradys crime, that defense should always examine whether the prosecution team acts consistently with the aim to assist the defense in that making of the case or whether it is acting strategically. The Brady versus Maryland case brought about some of the rules used in different courts in New York; this rules resulted from the failure of the prosecutor to provide the information needed by the defendant. In this case as per the fourteenth amendment, due process states that the turnover all the information is a major requirement. The amendments due process states that the suppression of evidence by the prosecution upon request by the defendant, evidence

Notes on Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Notes on Nursing - Essay Example Florence Nightingale addresses fundamental issues concerning personal cleanliness by looking at three major issues including poisoning by the skin, ventilation and skin cleanliness, steaming and rubbing the skin. Poisoning by the skin is a crucial ideology because sick people usually relieve themselves through the skin (Nightingale, 2010). A nurse should always understand that the excretion process leaves dirt and infectious particles on the body. As a result, it is necessary to practice high levels of hygiene. It is also important to note that the sick usually feel relieved after cleaning. Consequently, it appears that vital powers have been removed from the patient’s body that empowers them to go through life processes easily. One of the strategies that can be used during the cleaning process is removing dirt using hot water and soap (Nightingale, 2010). It is also important to wash the skin using a large amount of water. The water makes the skin softer. The first rule in the nursing field is keeping the air pure just like the external environment while reducing the chances of chills. It is important for a nurse to ensure that the source of the air is clean. For example, Nightingale indicates that people usually allow air into a patient’s room without thinking about its sources. For example, the air may be coming from other wards, environment next to a sewer or hallways (Nightingale, 2010). Nightingale indicates that with the availability of windows, patients in bed are likely to get fresh air. It is crucial to note that such fresh air do not cause colds. It is also important to limit dependence on fumigations and disinfectants in order to purify the air in a patient’s room. The disinfectants are already mixed with other chemicals that are unlikely to ventilate a patient’s room. It is also important to abolish slope pails in a patient’s room because they limit the chances of maintaining a